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MCAT Notes > psych FL > Flashcards

psych FL Flashcards

1
Q

spreading activation

A

relates storage of memories to the activation of a series of nodes

activation patterns of related nodes

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2
Q

depth of processing

A

how much one thinks about something

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3
Q

serial position effect

A

people recall the first and last the best

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4
Q

visuospatial sketchpad

A

holding visual and spatial info

(not relevant to word retrieval)

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5
Q

primacy effect

A

items presented first are recalled well, as they have already been put into long-term memory

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6
Q

recency effect

A

items presented last are recalled well, as they too have been put in LTM

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7
Q

interference effect

A

memories interfere with the ability to recall another

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8
Q

proactive interference

A

old memories hinder the ability to make new ones

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9
Q

meritocracy

A

social stratification is the result of personal effort or merit, that determines social standing

high effort = high social position

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10
Q

intergenerational mobility

A

child attains status different from their parents

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11
Q

social reproduction

A

emphasis on structures and activities that transmit social inequality from one generation to the next

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12
Q

relative poverty

A

measure of wealth inequality– describing ones wealth relative to another

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13
Q

(formal) organization

A

organization– collection of individuals joining to coordinate their interactions towards a certain purpose

formal– has its own distinct characteristics, including rules and regulations, structure, objectives, and policies

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14
Q

Anomie

A

alienation one feels from a lack of social norms or the breakdown on social bonds between them and their community

= fragmentation of social identity

leads to feelings of aimlessness or purposelessness

occurs more frequently in periods of rapid change

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15
Q

Spearman general intelligence

A

one general intelligence which include mental operations that are primary in nature and are common to all performances.

g-factor = can be compared among individuals

s = specific ability

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16
Q

Gardner’s idea of 8 intelligences

A

logical, linguistic, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, naturalist, interpersonal, intrapersonal

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17
Q

galton’s idea of hereditary genius

A

intelligence has a biological basis

studied by measuring reaction times to certain tasksbi

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18
Q

binet’s idea of mental age

A

intelligence based on ability of an age group

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19
Q

operant conditioning

A

strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment

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20
Q

classical conditioning

A

stimulus or experience occur before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior

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21
Q

observational learning

A

seeing, retaining

imitiation– replicating (mirror neurons)

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22
Q

latent learning

A

learned, but not expressed as an observable behavior until required

retained subconsciously

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23
Q

extrinsicly motivated behaviors

A

performed in order to receive something from others

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24
Q

kohlberg’s preconventional

A

Young kids: trying to maximize rewards and minimize punishment

stage 1– obedience and punishmend
stage 2– individual interest

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25
Q

kohlberg’s conventional

A

Adolescents and adults— Understand right and wrong in the context of one’s society. This includes following rules and laws.

stage 3– interpersonal
stage 4– authority

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26
Q

kohlberg’s postconventional

A

Only a few adults reach this— morals, ethics, what is just, etc.

stage 5– social contract
stage 6– universal ethics

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27
Q

norms and values

A

norms / rules– society guides behavior

values– culturally-defined standards

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28
Q

Mead’s I vs Me

A

I– individual identity that is spontaneous and autonomous; the less socially competent one

Me– society’s view; learn and form through social interaction

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29
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

respond differently to similar stimuli

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30
Q

stimulus generalization

A

demonstrate the conditioned response to stimuli that is similar to the conditioned

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31
Q

second-order conditioning

A

the first stimulus is made meaningulful, so it can be used to learn about the second stimulus

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32
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

return of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a rest period

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33
Q

central nervous system

A

spinal cord + brain

integration and processing of sensory information

synthesizes sensory input to compute an appropriate motor response / output

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34
Q

somatic nervous system

A

controls voluntary movements such as those in the skin, bones, joints, and skeletal muscle

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35
Q

extinction

A

in operant conditioning, its when a reinforced behavior is extinguished entirely

occurs at some point after reinforcement stops

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36
Q

variable ratio

A

the number of responses needed for a reward varies

receive things in “random” fashion

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37
Q

fixed ratio

A

presentation of the reward after a consistent number of correct responses

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38
Q

variable interval

A

gets reinforcement based on varying and unpredictable amounts of time

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39
Q

fixed interval

A

behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

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40
Q

implicit memory

A

long-term memories that are not consciously remembered, including procedural memories and emotional conditioning

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41
Q

procedural memory

A

a type of implicit memory which includes memories on how to do specific taks s

(like riding a bike or emotional conditioning)– not consciously remembered

42
Q

sensory memory

A

related to senses

active

43
Q

working memory

A

learn and recall

active

44
Q

cortisol and gluconeogenesis relationship

A

direct

more cort = more gluconeo = more blood sugar

45
Q

sterotype threat

A

experience of anxiety or concern in a situation where a person has the potential to confirm a negative stereotype about their group

if negative stereotypes are presented, they are likely to become more anxious about their performance, hindering their performance ability

46
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects the hemispheres of the brain and facilitates interhemisphere communication

47
Q

what is the fovea

A

cones

back in the eye

responsible for acute vision

in bright light, when looking directly

48
Q

what is difference in hue:
- wavelength
- amplitude

A

wavelenght

49
Q

which is difference in brightness
- wavelength
- amplitude

A

amplitude

50
Q

charismatic authority

A

leadership concept where authority comes from how charismatic a leader is

51
Q

reaction formation

A

defence mechanism where one will do the exact opposite of what they feel

52
Q

regression

A

defense mechanism where employee would revert back to earlier stage of development

53
Q

sublimation

A

defense mechanism where bad impulses are transformed into good ones

54
Q

social constructionism

A

knowledge and experiences are not real, but exist because individuals and society give them meaning

55
Q

state dependency effect

A

if you learned something in one condition, you will perform better under that condition

(ex: study w mint in mouth, better on exam if you have mint in mouth)

56
Q

what type of memory interference is the misinformation effect

A

retroactive interferenece– when old memories are changed by new ones

misinformation– when a person’s recall of memories becomes less accurate due to more info after an event

57
Q

Dual coding effect

A

verbal and visual info are processed differently, by using both while learning, you can process info better

easier to memorize words associated with images.

relates to method of loci (imagine moving through a place, and a specific piece of information is in each place)

58
Q

phenomena of working memory

A
  • serial position effect
  • visuo-spatial sketchpad
  • phonological loop
  • dual coding hypothesis
59
Q

source-monitoring error

A

source of the memory is incorrectly attributed to a specific recollected experience

I learned it on TikTok, but feel like I read it in an article

60
Q

what is associated with sensorimotor

A

object permanence: objects exist even though you cannot see them

61
Q

Preoperational stage things

A
  • pretend play
  • egocentrism
62
Q

concrete operational things

A
  • conservation (water thing)
  • empathy
  • math skills
  • logical thinking
63
Q

formal operational

A

moral reasoning

64
Q

Psychodynamic Theory

A

relates childhood events to our adult lives

65
Q

Behaviorist theory

A

considers actions as responses to external stimuli, driven by outcomes

sees outcomes, not cognition, as the drive behind choices and behaviors

66
Q

Trait theory

A

personality can be conceptualized by a set of common traits or characteristic ways of behaving that all exhibit

67
Q

Humanistic Theory

A

one’s subjective free will is the most important determinant of behavior

68
Q

discriminative stimulus vs stimulus discrimination

A

used get a specific response consistently in the presence of a the stimulus

ability to differentiate between a specific stimulus and a similar stimulus

69
Q

reticular activation system

A

arouse cortex and maintain wakefulness so that sensory info and emotions can be interpreted

70
Q

limbic system

A

emotion and memory

hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus

71
Q

somatic nervous system

A
  • part of the PNS
  • CNS -> skeletal muscles
  • external stimuli -> CNS
  • senses
72
Q

cognitive appraisal

A

interpretation of a situation that influences the extent to which it is perceived as stressful

73
Q

3 types of gated channels

A
  • voltage (chemical)
  • mechanically (mechanical)
  • ligand
74
Q

Actor-Observer Bias

A

actor judges by situational stuff happening to them

observer judges by a quality they think inherent to the actor

75
Q

Hindbrain

A
  • pons, cerebellum, medulla
76
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensation and perception

77
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome

A
  • alarm stage: fight or flight
  • resistance stage: continue
  • exhaustion stage: body gives up
78
Q

cognitive dissonance

A

stress or discomfort experiences by one who holds to contracting beliefs, or is confronted with new info that conflicts with their existing beliefs

79
Q

social loafing

A

put less effort when working on a group task if individual contributions arent evaluated

reduced by: task more challenging, separate individual performance, make each individual matter

80
Q

social facilitation

A

working with others rather than alone

81
Q

social reproduction

A

societal structures that lead to inequalities being passed from one generation to the next

82
Q

psychoanalytic theory

A

human behavior is a result of interactions between the id, ego, superego

83
Q

nativist hypothesis

A

children have the innate biological ability to learn a language

84
Q

linguistic relativity

A

the structure of the language influences the way its speakers conceptualize the world

85
Q

working memory capacity (miller’s magic number)

A

7 (+-) 2

86
Q

divided attention

A

attend to different stimuli at the same time by using simultaneous attention allowing one to process different information sources and carry multiple tasks at a time

87
Q

priming

A

exposure to a stimulus that influences an unconcious response

88
Q

automatic processing

A

quick, involuntary, w/o active control

89
Q

what comes before working memory

A

sensory memory holds info for a few seconds and then transfers it to working memory

90
Q

types of implicit memory

A
  • procedural
  • emotional conditioning
91
Q

what kind of memory is episodic memory

A

explicit

includes specific events / episodes

92
Q

semantic memory

A

explicit memories of general knowledge or facts which we can consciously remember or recall

93
Q

network redundancy

A

when interacting with those from the same / similar network, a lot of the social info u get will be redundant

94
Q

homegeneity

A

doing multiple roles in the same community (pastor and teacher)

95
Q

role strain

A

when incompatible behavior is within this one role

my community council needs money but Dan says no

96
Q

role conflict

A

when one person has 2+ roles and they conflict

mom and doctor, they conflict

97
Q

which is stable, which is intense, dyad and triad

A

dyad– intense
triad– stable

98
Q

conflict theory perspective

A

studying society by focusing on inequality between different groups. sees social life as a competition and focuses on the distribution of resources and power between these groups

sees change as abrupt and revolutionary and as a result of inequality

change comes through conflicts between competing interests

key words: inequality, distribution of resources and power

99
Q

interactionism

A

interactions between individuals and its implication on social processes

100
Q

functionalism

A

framework for building a theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability

101
Q
A

MCAT Notes (9 decks)

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