bio / biochem FLs

Question 1

Adaptive Immunity

specific or nonspecific ?

Answer 1

• SPECIFIC
• must be activated
• activated B and T cells are specific to the antigen

Question 2

Innate Immunity

Answer 2

• NON-SPECIFIC
• always on
• wide range (ex: macrophages for inflammation)

Question 3

cell-mediated (adaptive) immunity

Answer 3

• responds to cells after they have been infected by the antigen
• T-Cells

Question 4

Humoral immunity

Answer 4

• antibody production / long-term protection
• memory B cells

Question 5

how many H bonds between G-C, between A-T ?

What does this mean for melting temperature and stability

Answer 5

G-C: 3
A-T: 2

G-C is more stable and has a higher melting point

Question 6

role of these in nucleic acids

• phosphodiester
• H-bonds
• glycosidic linkage

Answer 6

• phosphodiester: covalent bonds that connect adjacent phosphate and sugar groups of adjacent nucleotides
• H-bonds: hold base pairs together in twos
• glycosidic: connect a molecule to a carb, like ribose

Question 7

glucose epimers, and which C are they diff at

Answer 7

C2– Mannose
C4– Galactose

Question 8

Glucose isomers and their determining factors

Answer 8

• glucose: aldehyde C1
• fructose: -OH C1
• galactose: aldehyde C1

Question 9

cyclic glucose and fructose

Answer 9

glucose = pyranose (6-ring)

fructose = furanose (5-ring)

Question 10

relationship between gram positive bacteria and pH

Answer 10

G+ bacteria use H+ for energy, so it consumes H+, raising the surrounding pH

Question 11

endocrine signaling:

• autocrine
• juxtacrine
• paracrine

Answer 11

• autocrine: on itself
• juxtracrine: cells in close contact
• paracrine: secretes and acts on nearby

Question 12

endocrine vs exocrine signaling

Answer 12

• endocrine: inside– so into bloodstream

-exocrine– outside– so out of body through glands

Question 13

G protein-coupled receptor

Answer 13

transmembrane protein receptors that activate an intracellular G-protein (bind GTP and GDP) in response to an extracellular ligand binding

leads to the activation of adenylyl cyclase, which produces secondary messenger cAMP.

Question 14

pI pH relationship when there is no net charge

Answer 14

pI = pH

Question 15

Ionophore

Answer 15

compounds that bind to ions, allowing them to cross the plasma membrane

Question 16

what elutes first in gel-filtration (size-exclusion) chromatography

Answer 16

larger molecules

Question 17

when in the CAC is FADH produced to enter complex II of the ETC

Answer 17

when succinate is converted to fumarate using succinate dehydrogenase

Question 18

Keq

Answer 18

equilibrium constant: products / reactants

Question 19

is insulin released by pancreatic alpha or beta?

glucagon ?

Answer 19

insulin = beta

glucagon = alpha

BI

Question 20

genetic material transfer

• transformation
• transduction
• conjugation

Answer 20

• transformation: the acquisition of genetic material from the environment by bacteria
• transduction: how foreign DNA is introduced to cell. no contact needed
• conjugation: exchange of nucleic acid between bacteria across conjugation bridges (F+ -> F-)

Question 21

interneurons

Answer 21

neurons only in the CNS– they integrate signal reception to motor action in the reflex arc

Question 22

conserved DNA

Answer 22

remains identical among species / has been maintained by natural selection, meaning it is beneficial to the species

Question 23

are introns or exons the non-coding regions that are removed

Answer 23

introns

Question 24

enhancer sequence

Answer 24

short DNA regions that increase the rate of transcription

Question 25

where does the majority of chemical digestion occur

Answer 25

duodenum

• it also secretes some digestive enzymes