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GCSE - Biology > B3 - organisation and the digestive system > Flashcards

B3 - organisation and the digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

what is a tissue

A

a group of cells with similar structure and function working together

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2
Q

what is an organ

A

collections of tissues

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3
Q

what tissues are involved in digestive organs

A

muscular tissue - churning food and digestive juices together
glandular tissue - produce digestive juices
epithelial tissue - covers inside and outside of organs

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4
Q

what does the pancreas do

A

makes hormones to control blood sugar
makes enzymes that digest food

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5
Q

what is an organ system

A

a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

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6
Q

what does the small intestine do

A

absorb soluble food molecules into the blood

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7
Q

what does the large intestine do

A

absorb water from undigested food into your blood

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8
Q

what does the liver do (digestive system)

A

produces bile which helps digest lipids

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9
Q

what do carbohydrates do and what elements do they contain

A

provide fuel
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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10
Q

what are small carbohydrate units called

A

simple sugars

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11
Q

what are complex carbohydrates made up of

A

long chains of simple sugar units bonded together

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12
Q

what are some carbohydrate rich foods

A

bread, potatoes, rice and pasta

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13
Q

what do most carbohydrates get broken down into

A

glucose

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14
Q

what are lipids

A

fats and oils
the most efficient energy store in your body

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15
Q

what are proteins used for

A

building up cells and tissues
basis of all enzymes

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16
Q

what are proteins made up of

A

long chains of amino acids

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17
Q

how many amino acids are there

A

20

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18
Q

what functions do proteins act as

A

structural components of tissues
hormones like insulin
antibodies
enzymes

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19
Q

what is the test for starch and what happens

A

starch - red iodine solution turns blue black

20
Q

what are enzymes

A

large protein molecules
biological catalysts that speed up reactions

21
Q

how do enzymes work

A

lock and key theory - substrate of reaction to be catalysed fits into the active site, enzyme and substrate bind together

22
Q

what is the metabolism

A

the sum of all the reactions in a cell or in the body

23
Q

what is the test for sugars and what happens

A

sugars - blue benedict’s solution turns brick red on heating

24
Q

what is the test for protein and what happens

A

protein - blue biuret reagent turns purple

25
Q

what is the test for lipids and what happens

A

lipids - ethanol gives a cloudy white layer if a lipid is present

26
Q

what are the factors that affect enzyme action

A

temperature
concentration
surface area

27
Q

what temperature do most enzymes denature at

A

40°C

28
Q

what happens to the enzyme as temperature goes above 40°C

A

the long amino chain begins to unravel
site of active site changes
enzyme denatures

29
Q

how does ph affect an enzyme

A

a change in pH affects the forces that hold the folded chains in place in the protein
changes shape of molecule
active site changes
denatures

30
Q

how are digestive enzymes different

A

they work outside the cells

31
Q

where are digestive enzymes produced

A

glands (salivary and pancreas)
lining of digestive system

32
Q

which enzyme catalyses the break down of carbohydrates

A

amylase

33
Q

where is amylase produced

A

salivary glands (mouth)
pancreas

34
Q

which enzyme catalyses the break down of proteins

A

protease

35
Q

where is protease produced (x3)

A

pancreas
stomach
small intestine

36
Q

where does the breakdown of proteins occur

A

stomach and small intestine

37
Q

where does the breakdown of starch occur

A

the small intestine

38
Q

what enzymes catalyses the break down of lipids

A

lipase

39
Q

what are lipids broken down into

A

fatty acids
glycerol

40
Q

where is lipase produced

A

pancreas
small intestine

41
Q

where are lipids broken down

A

small intestine

42
Q

what protease enzyme is secreted in the lining of your stomach

A

pepsin

43
Q

where does pepsin work best

A

in an acidic pH

44
Q

what is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach

A

allows protease to work effectively
kills most of the bacteria you take in with your food

45
Q

what is the time of mucus in the stomach

A

coats your stomach walls protects from being digested

46
Q

what is the role of bile

A

to neutralise the acid from your stomach to make it alkaline
emulsifies fat which increases the surface area

GCSE - Biology (10 decks)

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