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GCSE - Biology > B5 - communicable diseases > Flashcards

B5 - communicable diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what are communicable diseases caused by

A

pathogens (like bacteria and viruses)

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2
Q

what is a non communicable disease

A

a disease that cannot be transmitted from one person to another

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3
Q

what three factors can affect health

A

diet
stress
life sotuations

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4
Q

how does your diet affect your health

A

not eating enough/the right nutrients - can lead to anaemia, starvation, or rickets
too much food/not the right food - can cause obesity, some cancers, type 2 diseases

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5
Q

how can stress affect health

A

increased risk of heart disease, certain cancers, and mental health problems

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6
Q

what life situations can affect your health (x7)

A

where you live in the world
gender
financial status
ethnic group
levels of free healthcare you can access
amount of children
local sewage and rubbish disposal

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7
Q

how do viruses and cancers interact

A

viruses living in cells can trigger changes that lead to cancers

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8
Q

how does a defective immune system lead to health problems

A

it may not work properly
may result in poor nutrition or infections like HIV/AIDS

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9
Q

how can immune reactions caused by a pathogen affect allergies

A

they can trigger allergies to factors in the environment like skin rashes hives or asthma

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10
Q

how are physical and mental health linked

A

severe physical health can lead to depression and other mental illness

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11
Q

what does malnutrition lead to in health problems

A

deficiency diseases
weakened immune system
obesity
cardiovascular diseases
type 2 diabetes
cancer

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12
Q

what are the most common pathogens in plants

A

viruses and fungi

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13
Q

what are bacteria

A

single called living organisms used to make yogurt, cheese, treat sewage, and make medicines

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14
Q

how do pathogens cause diseases

A

bacteria divide rapidly by binary fission, produce toxins that affect your body
viruses take over cells of your body, live and reproduce inside cells, damaging and destroying them

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15
Q

how do pathogens spread by air

A

when you are ill you expel tiny droplets full of pathogens from your breathing system
other people pick up the infection through the air

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16
Q

how are pathogens spread by direct contact

A

plants/people directly touch skin or flesh spreading the disease
some are spread through blood like HIV AIDS and hepatitis

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17
Q

how are pathogens spread by water

A

fungal spores in splashes of water spread plant disease
drinking contaminated water or undercooked food can spread pathogens

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18
Q

describe the process of growing microorganisms in the lab

A

pour hot agar gel into a sterilised petri dish
leave it to cool and set
inoculate the agar using uncontaminated cultures of microorganisms
incubate the petri dishes and store them upside down

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19
Q

why must you keep petri dishes upside down

A

so condensation does not fall from the lid to the surface and contaminate it

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20
Q

what is a culture medium

A

a liquid or gel containing nutrients to feed the bacteria
contains carbohydrates, minerals, nitrogen source and sometimes other chemicals

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21
Q

what temperature must cultures be incubated at in a school environment

A

25°C to reduce the likelihood of harmful pathogens growing

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22
Q

what temperature does bacteria have to be grown at in a school environment and why

A

25°C to reduce the likelihood of harmful pathogens growing

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23
Q

how do you calculate the number of bacteria in a population

A

calculate how many times the bacteria will divide in an hour, then multiply to to apply to the amount of hours it will be growing
times the bacteria at the beginning of the growth period by 2^number or divisions

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24
Q

how do you prevent bacterial growth

A

raise or lower the temperature
use chemicals to stop them growing/kill them (disinfectants, antiseptics)

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25
Q

what are antibiotics

A

chemicals that can be used in our bodies which kill bacteria

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26
Q

how do you calculate the effectiveness of disinfectants and antibiotics

A

find the area of inhibitions (pi x r^2)

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27
Q

what did ignaz semmelweis discover

A

that his medical students weren’t washing their hands between procedures, one student died from similar symptoms to childbed fever

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28
Q

what changes did ignaz semmelweis make

A

made his medical students start washing their hands
less people died

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29
Q

what did louis pasteur do

A

develop vaccines against diseases like anthrax and rabies

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30
Q

what did joseph lister do

A

used antiseptic chemicals to destroy pathogens in operating theatres

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31
Q

how do you prevent the spread of pathogens through hygiene

A

hand washing
using disinfectants
keeping raw meat away from food
coughing or sneezing into handkerchiefs
maintaining hygiene of people and agricultural machinery

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32
Q

how does isolating infected people stop the spread of disease

A

fewer healthy people will come in contact with the infected person

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33
Q

how does controlling or destroying vectors prevent the spread of disease

A

some communicable diseases are spread by vectors
destroying vectored means they cannot be sprwaf

34
Q

how does vaccination prevent disease

A

if you come in contact with the pathogen, your immune system will be prepared

35
Q

what are the symptoms of measles

A

red skin rash
fever

36
Q

how is measles spread

A

inhalation of droplets from coughs and sneezes

37
Q

what can measles cause

A

blindness
brain damage

38
Q

what are the symptoms of HIV

A

mild flu like illness

39
Q

when has a person developed AIDS

A

when their immune system is so badly damaged it cannot deal with infections or certain cancers

40
Q

what factors affect the time between getting HIV and developing AIDS

A

level of nutrition
overall health of the person
access to antiretroviral drugs

41
Q

how is HIV spread

A

sexual contact
exchange of bodily fluids like blood
can be spread to babies in breast milk

42
Q

how can you prevent HIV

A

using condoms
not sharing needles
screening blood for transfusions
HIV positive mothers bottle feeding children

43
Q

what is tobacco mosaic virus

A

plant ideas es that destroys cells and affects growth of the plants
affected areas do not photosynthesise

44
Q

how is TMV spread

A

contact between diseases plants and healthy plants
insects act as vextors

45
Q

how can you prevent TMV

A

good field hygiene
good pest control

46
Q

what does salmonella do

A

disrupt the balance of natural gut bacteria

47
Q

what are the symptoms of salmonella

A

fever
abdominal cramps
vomiting
diarrhoea

48
Q

what are common causes of salmonella

A

eating undercooked food
eating food prepared in unhygienic conditions

49
Q

how is gonorrhoea spread

A

unprotected sexual contact with an infected person

50
Q

what are early symptoms of gonorrhoea

A

thick yellow or green discharge from vagina or penis
pain on urination

51
Q

what cba untreated gonorrhoea cause

A

long term pelvic pub
infertility
ectopic pregnancies
babies born to infected mother may have sever eye infections/become blind

52
Q

how can you cure/prevent the spread of gonorrhoea

A

antibiotics
use the barrier method
reduce number of sexual partners

53
Q

what does agrobacterium tumefaciens cause

A

crown galls (mass of unspecialised cells that grow between root and shoot in infected plants)

54
Q

how do plants get agrobacterium tumefaciens

A

bacteria inserts plasmids into plant cells

55
Q

how do fatal human fungal diseases affect the body

A

attack the lungs or brains of people who are already ill

56
Q

what does rose black spot cause

A

purple or black spots to develop on leaves of roses
leaves turn yellow and drop early
weakens plant

57
Q

how are rose black spot spores spread

A

by air
spores spread over plant after it rains in drops
water splashes from one leaf or plant to another

58
Q

how can you prevent rose black spot

A

removing and burning affected leaves and stems
chemical fungicides

59
Q

what is a protist

A

a type of single called organism

60
Q

how is malaria spread

A

through vector of mosquitoes

61
Q

what does malaria do

A

damage liver
damage red blood cells
shaking
fevers

62
Q

how can you stop malaria

A

using insecticide insect nests
using insecticides to kill mosquitoes
removing standing water so vectors can’t breed
spraying water with insecticides to kill larvae
antimalarial drugs

63
Q

how is malaria caused

A

parasitic protists in the bite of female mosquitoes

64
Q

how does your skin defend your body

A

scabs over a wound to prevent pathogens entering the body
produces antimicrobial secretions
covered with microorganism to help keep you healthy

65
Q

how does your nose defend your body

A

full of hairs and produces mucus
traps particles that may contain pathogen or irritants

66
Q

how do the bronchi and trachea defend the body

A

secrete mucus
covered in cilia to waste mucus up to back of throat to be swallowed

67
Q

how does your stomach defend your body

A

produces acid that destroys microorganisms in swallowed mucus
kills pathogens you eat in food

68
Q

how do white blood cells protect against disease through ingesting microorganisms

A

WBC ingest pathogens, digest and destroy them so they can’t make you i’ll

69
Q

how do white blood cells protect against diseases by producing antibodies

A

antibodies target particular bacteria or virus and destroy them
antibodies can be made very quickly once they have been produced once

70
Q

how do white blood cells protect against disease by producing antitoxins

A

antitoxins counteract toxins released by pathogens

71
Q

how do aphids kill plants

A

penetrate phloem vessels of plant to feed on sugar rich phloem sap
deprive plant cells of photosynthesis products
seriously weaken and kill plant
act as vectors

72
Q

how do you destroy aphids

A

chemical pesticides
biological pest control (release ladybirds and larvae to eat aphids)

73
Q

how do nematode worms affect plants

A

feed on plant roots
damage roots so they can’t absorb water and mineral ions effectively

74
Q

what happens to plants if there is a nitrate deficiency

A

cannot convert sugars into proteins
protein growth will be limited
growth of plants will be stunted

75
Q

why do plants need magnesium

A

to make chlorophyll for photosynthesis

76
Q

what happens if there is a magnesium deficiency in plant soil

A

plant cannot make chlorophyll
leaves become yellow
growth slows down as it cannot photosynthesise

77
Q

what is yellowing of leaves due to a magnesium deficiency called called

A

chlorosis

78
Q

what are some symptoms of plant disease

A

stunted growth
spots on leaves
areas of decay or rotting
growths
malformed stems and leaves
discolouration
presence of pests

79
Q

how can you treat plant diseases

A

pesticides
anti fungal treatments

80
Q

how can you identify diseases

A

gardening manuals
lab tests

81
Q

how do monoclonal antibodies help identify diseases

A

identify certain plant pathogens like botrytis

GCSE - Biology (10 decks)

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