Introduction - Week 1

Question 1

Bottom-Up Information

Answer 1

Initial interpretation of a proximal stimulus

Question 2

Top-Down Information

Answer 2

Interpretation of information based upon historical contexts, conceptual knowledge, language, tropes, stereotypes, etc.

Question 3

Attentional Blindness

Answer 3

Perception and attention go hand-in-hand. Sometimes we don’t always see things that are right in front of us.

Question 4

Dual-Task Decrement

Answer 4

The use of perception and attention at the same time doesn’t always result in the successful completion of both tasks and in some cases can cause harm
(i.e. texting and driving)

Question 5

Sustain Attention?

Answer 5

Overtime, ones attention declines in accordance with their performance.
(i.e. airport security)

Question 6

Attention

Answer 6

What one is aware of/ looking for

Question 7

Decision Making

Answer 7

Reaction time in interpreting a stimulus

Question 8

Memory

Answer 8

Cognitive map; one’s use of past knowledge

Question 9

Reasoning

Answer 9

Perspectives; both sides of the story

Question 10

Language

Answer 10

Is a very influential tool; yet, can be provocative and controversial

Question 11

First Step of Cognition

Answer 11

an information subset is first acquired through our sensory systems and then is reliably stored

Question 12

Second Step of Cognition

Answer 12

the information is then manipulated, compares, and contrasted and then further expressed verbally or non-verbally

Question 13

Dualism v. Monism

Answer 13

Dualism - the mind and brain are separate from one another

Monism - the mind and the brain are one

Question 14

Wundt

Answer 14

Introspection!
the breakdown of complex experiences can be boiled down into simpler sensations and processes

Question 15

Donders

Answer 15

Carried out the first psychological experiment.
Studied reaction time and/or mental chronometry

Question 16

Simple v. Choice Reaction Time

Answer 16

the difference is the additional step of needing to interpret your reaction to the stimulus
(i.e. raising your hand)

Question 17

James and Ebbinghaus

Answer 17

Mental Inferences!

looking at behavioral rates of success and failure

if you remember something in your distant past now, you’re likely to remember it forever

if not, memory decays overtime

Question 18

Watson

Answer 18

Classical Conditioning!

UCS –> UCR
| |
CS –> CR

Question 19

Skinner

Answer 19

Operant Conditioning!

Positive Reinforcement
- encouraging a positive outcome by adding a positive factor

Negative Reinforcement
- encouraging a positive outcome by removing a negative factor

Positive Punishment
-encouraging a positive outcome by adding in a conditional negative

Negative Punishment
-encouraging a positive outcome by removing a conditional positive

Question 20

Chomsky

Answer 20

children will say things that they have never heard: “i gruble the blip”

or will misapply the rules that they have learned: “i holded the door open”

Question 21

Tolman

Answer 21

Cognitive Map!

the understanding of the location of objects and things and where to find them no matter one’s start location

Question 22

IBM computer

Answer 22

1) input
2) input processors
3) memory unit
4) arithmetic unit
5) output

Question 23

Cherry and Broadbent

Answer 23

similar to the ibm!

1) input
2) selective filter
3) content analyzer
4) memory unit
5) output