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Psychology > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

Introspection

A

Wundt
Examination or observation of one’s own mental and emotional processes

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2
Q

Wundt method

A

Trained Observes presented with stimulus (ticking metronome)
Ps then asked to describe how stimuli made them think and feel
The same stimulus, physical surroundings and instructions given

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3
Q

Wundt evaluation

A

-not scientific
Behaviourists said private experiences that were self reported during introspection are not observable
So difficult to measure
Also experiences were subjective
Behaviourists believe the only way to be more objective and scientific is to measure observable behaviour
Undermines objectivity if his work
* however it’s still used today to gain access too cognitive processes

+seen as the start of cognitive psychology
Cognitive is a modern day approach and to attempt to measure what’s happening in the mind using scientific methods- some say without him it wouldn’t exist
Strength as it’s influential too cognitive psychologists

+as he applied a scientific method it means in modern times psychology is considered a scientific discipline
If Wundt never set up psychology lab it’s possible the study of the mind might still be tied to philosophical roots and not gained the status it has
Strength as it’s influential work paved the way for study of psychology as a respected discipline

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4
Q

Wundt

A

-“father of psychology”-set up first psychology lab in Leipzig Germany
-moved from philosophical roots to scientific controlled
-promoted introspection as a way of studying mental processes
-work paved way for later controlled research and study of mental processes
-introspection
- analysis own conscious experiences of a stimuli

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5
Q

Mediationak processes

A

P erception
M emory
A ttention
C onsciousness

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6
Q

Inferences

A

Makes assumptions about mental processes that cannot be directly observed

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7
Q

Schemas

A

Mental framework which help process and interpret information, helping us quickly organise it and to make predictions
X- can be distorted and lead to perceptional errors

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8
Q

Theoretical and computer models

A

Theoretical- diagrams to help understand mental processes, brain inputs, processes and recalls info (MSM)
Computer- simulations to depict mental processes

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9
Q

AO3 cognitive

A

+applications
Development of cognitive treatments Cbt, therapy helped understand how depression can be due to faulty thinking
Helped led to successful treatment of of depression where faulty thinking is identified

+scientific methods
Higher controlled variables
Produces reliable objective data
Enabled bio and cognitive to enhance scientific study, credible
-however, uses inference not direct observation, artificial stimuli, lack external validity

-reductionist
Reduces behaviour to 1 thing e.g depression=faulty thinking, simplistic and ignores environmental factors

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10
Q

Behaviourist approach

A

All behaviour is learnt through past experiences and environments
Humans are born as blank slate
Use scientific methods and only study things that can be observed and measured

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11
Q

Pavlov

A

Classical conditioning- learning through association
UCS—> UNR
NS+UCS—> UCR
CS—> SR

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12
Q

Skinners rats

A

Placed hungry rats in a box with lever
When rats pushed lever food came out
Rats learned to associate food with pushing lever
Operant conditioning-learning occurs from association

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13
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Receiving a reward when behaviour is performed
E.g pushing lever gave rats food

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14
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Animal avoids something unpleasant e.g mum feeds baby to stop baby crying

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15
Q

Punishment

A

Weakens or eliminates behaviour
Unpleasant consequences of behaviour
E.g skinner introduced electric grid floor, when rats pushed lever they were electrocuted, rats stopped pushing lever

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16
Q

Behaviourism evaluation

A

RSM
Ethical issues + (demand characteristics and generalisable)
DREAMS
-deterministic,reductionist,evidence scientific methods

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17
Q

Biological (Darwin)

A

Natural selection
Behaviour that increases survival is passed down and reproduce
E.g aggression to keep territory so have necessary means for survival
Argued aggression has been passed by ancestors

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18
Q

Genotype and phenotype

A

-genetic makeup
-way genotype is expressed

19
Q

Twins

A

Compare concordance rates of MZ to DZ twins to establish if trait or characteristics are down to bio factors

20
Q

Biological evaluation

A

Methods
Twins and concordance rates 27% diff from MZ and DZ
Same environment

DREAMS
-deterministic
- reductionist
+application
+methods

21
Q

Vicarious reinforcement

A

Not experienced but observed when someone else is being reinforced
If Observed model being rewarded they are more likely to imitate and they want same reward
Observe the consequences
Make judgement in how likely to experience same outcome

22
Q

Modelling

A

More likely to observe and imitate of they are a role model,
Live model: teacher, parent
Symbolic model:actress, singer
Models carrying out behaviour: model
Performs role:model
Model carries out behaviour to be observed and imitated

23
Q

Identification

A

Extent to which someone relates to model and wants to be like them
More likely if similar
Observer must feel like they would be likely to experience same outcome
If they can identify with model they are more likely to imitate
F-friendly
L-likeable
A-age (older)
G-gender (same)
S- status (higher)

24
Q

Four meditational processes (ARRM)

A

Thought processes that take place prior to imitation
Attention- must be paying attention and observing model
Retention- must remember behaviour they have seen
Reproduction- must be capable of doing behaviour, must be physically capable
Motivation- rewards and punishments must be considered, if rewards are greater than the costs they are more likely to imitate behaviour

25
Q

Bandura’s study

A

-groups of children watched film of adult hitting aggressively to a bobo doll, divided into three groups
1. Adult rewarded
2. Adult punished
3. No ending
Children were okayed in room with many toys including bobo doll and observed
1. High level aggression
2. Low level aggression
3. Medium level aggression
Supports vicarious reinforcement, learnt from watching consequences

26
Q

Oral

A

Pleasure of mouth
Frustration: aggressive, pessimistic, suspicious
Over indulgence:trusting, gullible, optimistic

27
Q

Anal

A

Pleasure from Anus, pleasure from defecating
Retentive: precise, tidy, stingy, over critical
Expulsive: messy, careless, disorganised

28
Q

Phallic

A

Pleasure of genitals
Phallic: reckless, vain,self assured
Believed fixation would lead to homosexuality

29
Q

Latent

A

Sexual calm, interest in school and hobbies

30
Q

Genital

A

Mature relationships
-difficulty forming heterosexual relationships

31
Q

Opedius complex

A

Boy develops desire for mother
Gets scared if father finds out he will be castrated
Castration anxiety
Resolves by imitating father, joining dad behaviour, develop male gender role

32
Q

Electra complex

A

Girl desires father
Realises she doesn’t have penis
Penis envy
Resolves by repressing desire for father, substitutes wish for penis with wish for baby
Identifies with mother to take female gender role

33
Q

Little hans

A

5 year old boy developed fear for horses
Freud said it was unresolved opedius complex
Displaces unconscious fear of father on to horses
Father resembled the horses most scared of
Glasses and moustache
Horses with black on mouth and blinkers

34
Q

Humanistic

A

Rejects scientific methods as it can not measure unique subjective experience, uses questionnaire/ self report techniques
Idiographic-understands uniqueness of people

35
Q

Free will

A

We all have free will
Assumes we’re all unique
Examining people’s subjective experience

36
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

To self actualise need this
When parents and significant others accept and love someone for who they are,
Unconditional love

37
Q

Conditional positive regard

A

Most people receive this when it’s only given when someone behaves in ways that parents think correct and meet certain conditions of worth
Create incongruity

38
Q

Self concept

A

Who you are, changes as we grow
Includes feelings of self esteem and worth
How much we like and accept ourselves having low self esteem leads to negative affect

39
Q

Ideal self

A

Who you wish to be

40
Q

Congruence

A

When ideal self and self concept are similar

41
Q

Incongruence

A

When self and ideal are far apart
Lead to dissatisfaction with life and mental conflict

42
Q

Hierarchy of needs

A

Must satisfy basic needs to reach higher needs to then reach self actualisation
All capable to move up but life factors can effect e,g divorce, losing job
1.physiological needs
2. Safety
3. Love and belonging
4. Esteem
5.cognitive
6. Aesthetics
7.self actualisation
PSL E CAS

43
Q

Client centred therapy

A

Focuses on bringing ideal self and self concept closer- congruence
Therapists don’t tell clients what to do
Aim is for client to solve gap by themselves and gain congruence

Psychology (6 decks)

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