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A&P2 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

exam 3

1
Q

which system is faster the endocrine or nervous?

A

Nervous system is faster due to use of action potentials and neurotransmitters

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2
Q

Endocrine Glands include

A

Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pineal

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3
Q

ograns/tissues with endocrine cells

A

hypothalamus
thymus
pancrease
ovaries/testes
kidneys,liver,stomach, SI, Heart, skin, Adipose tissue

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4
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

secrete products into ducts or lumens or to the outer surface of the body

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5
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

secrete products into interstitial fluid(which diffuses into blood) or blood

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6
Q

hormones are

A

chemical messangers released in one part of the body and regulate activity in other parts of the body

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7
Q

Local hormones

A

act on neighboring cells (paracrine) or the same cell that secreated them (autocrine)

Dose not enter the blood stream first

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8
Q

circulating hormones

A

enter the interstital fluid and then bloodstream

can be lipid soluble(bound to transport proteins)
or water soluble(freely disolved in body fluids)

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9
Q

Lipid soluble hormones

A

are bound to transport proteins for transport in body fluids

can be steroid or thyroid

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10
Q

water soluble hormones

A

are freely dissolved in body fluids

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11
Q

steroid hormones are

A

a form of lipid soluble hormone derived from cholesterol

examples: cortisol, testosterone, estrogens, progesterone, aldosterone

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12
Q

thyroid hormones are

A

a type of lipid-soluble hormones that is very ipid soluble and is a tyrosine ring with attached iodines

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13
Q

peptide and protein hormones are

A

a type of water soluble hormone made of chains of amino acids
hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones

examples: insulin, glucagon,EPO, ADH, oxytocin, hGH, TSH, ACTCH

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14
Q

Biogenic amines are

A

A type of water soluble hormones with modified amino acids

examples: NE, epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, melatonin, histamine

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15
Q

main function of hormones

A

to maintain homeostasis and regulate many aspects of organ system functions

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16
Q

hormones leave secretory cell by

A

exocytosis or diffusion

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17
Q

what type of capillaries are found in endocrine glands

A

fenstrated capillaries wich are especially permeable type allowing for easy uptake of mater rom gland tissue

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18
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin)
Source: anterior pituitary

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19
Q

ADH

A

Antidiuretic hormone (arginine vasppressin)
Source: posterior Pituitary

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20
Q

CRH

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone
Source hypothalamus

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21
Q

DHEA

A

Dehydroepiandrosterone
Source: Adrenal cortex

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22
Q

EPO

A

Erythropoientin
Source: kidneys, liver

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23
Q

FSH

A

Follicle-stimulatin hormone
Source: Anterior pituitary

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24
Q

GH

A

growth hormone (somatotropin)
Source: anterior pituitary

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25
Q

GHRH

A

Growth Hormone-releasing hormone
Source: hypothalamus

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26
Q

GnRH

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Source Hypothalamus

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27
Q

IGFs

A

insulin-like growth factors (somatomedins)
Source: liver, other tissues

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28
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing hormone
Source: Anterior pituitary

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29
Q

NE

A

norepinephrine
Source: Adrenal medulla

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30
Q

OT

A

oxytocin
Source: psoterior pituitary

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31
Q

PIH

A

prolactin
Source: Anterior pituitary

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32
Q

PTH

A

Parathyroid hormone (parathormone)
Source: Parathyroids

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33
Q

T3

A

Triiodothronine
Source:Thyroid

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34
Q

T4

A

Thyroxine (tetraiodthyronine)
Source: thyroid

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35
Q

TH

A

thyroid hormone ( T3 and T4 collectivly
Source: thyroid

36
Q

TRH

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
source: hypothalamus

37
Q

releasing hormones

A

stimulate the pituitary to release hormones

38
Q

inhibiting hormones

A

supreses the pituitarys secreation og hormones

39
Q

Gap junctions

A

enable the pass of nutrients, electrolytes and signaling molecules directly from the cytoplasm of one cell to another

40
Q

paracrines

A

secreated by one cell and difuse to another in the same tissue and stimulate their physiology

41
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

A

promotes secreation of thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH) and prolactin(PRL)

42
Q

corticotropin-releasing hormone(CRH)

A

promotes secreation of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

43
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRH)

A

promotes secreation of follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) and lutenizing hormone(LH)

44
Q

Growth hormone-releasing hormone(GHRH)

A

promotes secreation of growth hormone(GH)

45
Q

prolactin- inhibiting hormone(PIH)

A

inhibits secreation of prolactin (PRL)

46
Q

somatostatin

A

inhibits secreation of growth hormone (GH) and thyroid-stimulatin hormone (TSH)

47
Q

involution

A

shrinkage of tissue or organ by autolysis such as involution of the thymus after childhood and of the uterus after pregnancy

48
Q

the Zona glomerulosa is the source of

A

mineralocorticoids

49
Q

the zona fasiculata secretes

A

glucocorticoids and androgens

50
Q

the zona reticularis secretes

A

glucocorticoids and androgens

51
Q

the renin-angiotensin aldosterone syestem (RAA)

A

the mechanism in which falling blood pressure leads to an uncrease in aldosterone secretion

52
Q

alpha cells secrete

A

glucagon which causes glycogenolysisa9the break down of glycogen into glucose) and gluconeogenesis (the synthases of glucose from fats)
RASIES BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS

53
Q

Beta cells secrete

A

insulin and amylin
promotes synthasis of glycogen

54
Q

how does insulin affect blood glucose levels

A

I lowers blood glucose levels

55
Q

oligopeptides have how many amino acids

A

3-10

56
Q

polypeptides have how many amino acids

A

more then 10

57
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by what nervous system

A

the sympathetic nervous system

58
Q

where are peptide hormones stored and what are a few examples

A

Examples:dopamine, epinephrine, oxytocin

stored in secretory vesicles of endocrine cell

59
Q

are steroids and thyroid hormone hydrophobic or hydrophillic

A

hydrophobic

60
Q

bound hormone is

A

a hormone attached to a transport protein

61
Q

saturation is the condition iin which

A

all the receptor molecules are occupied by hormone molecules

62
Q

signal amplification or the cascade effect is when

A

one hormone molecule triggers the sythesis of not many enzyme molecules

63
Q

down regulation is the process in which

A

a cell reduces its receptor population and thus becomes less sensitive to a hormone

64
Q

synergistic effect

A

an effect in which two hormones work together to cause a greater effect

65
Q

permissive effectsis when

A

one hormones enhances the traget organs response to a second hormone

66
Q

antagonistic effect

A

when one hormone oposes the action of another hormone

67
Q

Metabolic clearance rate (MCR)

A

the rate of hormone removal

68
Q

general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is

A

the way that the body reacts to stress

69
Q

the alarm reaction causes an increase in

A

angiotensis and aldosterone

70
Q

stages of stress response

A

alarm reaction
stage of resistance
stage of exhaustion

71
Q

the thymus is the site of

A

maturation of T cells and secretes several hormones

72
Q

the throid is composed of mostly

A

thyroid follicles

73
Q

mineralocorticoids regulate

A

the bodys electrolyte balance

74
Q

glucocorrticoids regulate

A

metabolism of glucose

75
Q

renal reflexes involves the

A

kidney

76
Q

growth hormone stimulates the release of what into blood

A

fatty acids and glycerol

77
Q

growth hormone stimulates the synthesis of what by the liver

A

glucose

78
Q

what is the most abundant hormone secreted by the thyroid

A

thyroxine T4

78
Q

which class of hormones binds to an intracellular receptor and directs new mRNA and protein synthesis

A

steroid hormones

79
Q

parathyroid hormone plays an important role in

A

rasing blood calcium levels

80
Q

following hypoglycemia which hormones will be elevated

A

glucagon

81
Q

Neural stimuli

A

nerve fibers soome endocrine glands and elicit the release of their hormones

82
Q

Hormonal stimuli

A

hormones from the hypothalamus regulate secretionn by the anterior pituitary gland and pituitary hormones stimulate other endocrine glands to release thyroid hormone, sex hormone, and cortisol

83
Q

Humoral Stimuli

A

blood borne stimmuli

84
Q

how is cAMP produced

A

glucagon binds to the surface of a liver cell, its receptor activates a G protein, which activates the membrane enzyme that produces cAMP (andenylate cyclase)

85
Q

Somatostatin inhibits

A

cAMP synthesis

86
Q
A

A&P2 (7 decks)

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