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JKC Med Phys Spring '24 > Exam Review-Pt 2- Cardio > Flashcards

Exam Review-Pt 2- Cardio Flashcards

1
Q

(Cardiac/Skeletal) muscle duration is longer

A

Cardiac

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2
Q

Cardiac muscle have _____, and they are connected via _____

A

syncytium, connected via gap junctions

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3
Q

Cardiac muscle has ____ channels. Describe them.

A

Ca-Na channels that are slower and longer

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4
Q

What is the beta agonist effect on the heart?

A

boost cardiac contractility

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5
Q

What is the primary pacemaker of the heart?

A

SA node

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6
Q

What does vagal stimulation effect have on the heart?

A

reduces HR- Parasympathetic

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7
Q

Draw the basic heart physiology graph

A
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8
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

Superolateral wall of right atrium near SVC

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9
Q

During isovolumic contraction, what is the only thing changing?

A

pressure

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the valves?

A

to prevent backflow

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the chordae tendineae?

A

to prevent over bulging/prolapse

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12
Q

True/False: Valves open and close at the same time.

A

FALSE: do NOT open/close at the same time

a valve closes first, then the subsequent one will open

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13
Q

The ___ valves are shaped so that the pointy side is down

A

tri/bi cuspid valves

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14
Q

The ____ valves are shaped that the pointy side is up

A

Aortic/pulmonary

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15
Q

During diastole, the atria have (high/low) pressure

A

High

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16
Q

During diastole, the ventricles have (high/low) pressure

A

low

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17
Q

In order for the AV valves to open, what must happen?

A

the pressure in the atria must be high enough, the valves open and the period of rapid filling begins

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18
Q

During systole, what is the pressure in the ventricle?

A

high

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19
Q

During systole, what is the pressure in the atria?

A

low

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20
Q

What must happen in order to open the semilunar valves?

A

once pressure in the ventricles builds enough the semilunar valve will open

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21
Q

Define isovolumic contraction

A

when the pressure in the ventricles are building to open the semilunar valve

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22
Q

At what pressure, does it take for the semilunar valve to open?

A

80

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23
Q

During the period of rapid ejection, what is happening? what percent of the blood?

A

majority is being ejected quickly (1/3 time)

70% of the volume

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24
Q

What is happening in the period of slow ejection?

A

the remaining 30% of blood is being ejected over 2/3rds of the time

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25
Q

What is happening in isovolumic relaxation?

A

the ventricle is done squeezing and it relaxes, the pressure drops and the semilunar valves close

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26
Q

Define end diastolic volume. What is the number?

A

the volume at the END of diastole

120mL

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27
Q

Define stroke volume. What is the number?

A

the volume ejected out of the LV during systole

70mL

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28
Q

End systolic volume. What is the number?

A

the volume at the END of systole

50mL

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29
Q

Ejection fraction

A

how much blood did you pump out compared to what you started with

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30
Q

What is the fick equation?

A

VO2= CO * a-VO2 difference

31
Q

What is the average CO?

A

5mL/min

32
Q

What is the average stroke volume?

A

70mL/beat

33
Q

What is the formula for ejection fraction?

A

(EDV-ESV)/ EDV *100

34
Q

What is Starling’s law?

A

the more blood that flows into the heart, the more it will pump out

35
Q

Define preload

A

anything that causes an increase to how much blood ENTERS the heart

anything the increases venous return

36
Q

Name some things that increase preload

A

Muscle pump- standing up
Respiratory pump (inspiration = negative pressure)
Venoconstriction (increased venous return)
Dynamic work (running)

37
Q

Name some things that would increase afterload

A

Anything that will increase SBP
Aortic stenosis
Arteriosclerosis
Static work (weight lifting)

anything that would increase resistance after the aorta

38
Q

Is curling biceps concentric or eccentric

A

concentric

39
Q

is extending biceps concentric or eccentric

A

eccentric

40
Q

A sympathetic stimulation in the heart would increase what 3 things

A

Heart rate
Stroke Volume
Cardiac output

41
Q

Sympathetic stimulation mainly affects the (ventricles/atria)

A

ventricles

42
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation mainly affects the (ventricles/atria)

A

atria

43
Q

Heart sounds are made when the valve (opens/closes)

A

closes

44
Q

What is the S1 sound?

A

closure of the AV valves

45
Q

What is the S2 sound?

A

closure of the semilunar valves

46
Q

S1 to S2 correspond to (systole/diastole)

A

systole

47
Q

S2 to S1 correspond to (systole/diastole)

A

diastole

48
Q

Draw the volume-pressure diagram

A
49
Q

What is the rate pressure product?

A

Systolic blood pressure X HR

50
Q

Coronary blood flow _____ in an adult from rest to max

A

increases up to 4x

51
Q

Local blood flow is determined by ?

A

how much a tissue wants

52
Q

What organs require the most blood? at what percentages?

A

Liver- 27%- 1350mL/min

Kidney 22% - 1100mL/min

53
Q

During exercise blood flow to your muscles ??

A

dramatically increased up to 20X

54
Q

Acute blood flow take ____ to occur. what mechanism does it use on what parts of the body.

A

seconds to minutes

vasoconstriction/dilation

acts on arterioles, metarterioles and capillary sphincters

55
Q

Long term blood flow acts on ??

A

More and bigger capillaries

56
Q

Hypoxia causes (constriction/dilation). Why?

A

vasodilation because the body wants to get blood to the hypoxic tissues

57
Q

in the kidneys, what does it base its adjustments on?

A

sodium levels

58
Q

What is the sensing part of the kidney?

A

macula densa

59
Q

If sodium is low, dilate ____ arterioles and ______ renal blood flow and GFR

A

afferent

increased

60
Q

If sodium is high, dilate ____ arterioles and ______ renal blood flow and GFR

A

Efferent

decreased

61
Q

The brain will dilate itself to get rid of _____

A

excess CO2 or H+

62
Q

What is NO? Where is it derived from? what is it’s action

A

nitric oxide

endothelial derived factor that VASODILATES

63
Q

_____ can release NO as a safety mechanism so it doesnt overly constrict you

A

Angiotensin 2

64
Q

How you do calculate MAP?

A

DBP + 1/3(SBP-DBP)

65
Q

pressure is directly proportional to ____ and _____

A

flow and resistance

66
Q

How do you calculate TPR?

A

MAP/CO

67
Q

Pressure = ______ * ________

A

flow X resistance

68
Q

Resistance = _____/ ______

A

SVR/TPR

69
Q

Flow is usually _____. describe it

A

laminar: smooth straight

70
Q

you do NOT want blood flow to be _____. Describe it. When does it occur?

A

Turbulent: blood flow all over the place

rate is too high, sharp turns, speed bumps, obstructions

71
Q

____ is the biggest factor in flow rate.

A

Diameter

to the 4th power

72
Q

Something about this?

A
73
Q

Which vessels have the most influence on total peripheral resistance?

A

arterioles

they are more rigid that arteries

have significantly smaller lumen and slow the blood flow from the arteries

JKC Med Phys Spring '24 (18 decks)

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