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Biology (condesnsed) > All content (chemistry) > Flashcards

All content (chemistry) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name for the paper which has the separated dyes on

A

The chromatogram

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2
Q

How do you calculate Rf value

A

Distance travelled by dye / distance travelled by solvent

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3
Q

What could cause the Rf value to change for the same chemical

A

Different types of paper, and different types of solvent

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4
Q

What is an issue with evaporation for separating solutions

A

Some solutes undergo thermal decomposition

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5
Q

What is crystalisation

A

Heat solution slowly, and as it starts to form crystals, remove heat, and then remove crystals, and dry them.

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6
Q

Test for carbonates

A

Add dilute HCl, test for CO2, if CO2 present, then carbonates are present

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7
Q

Test for sulphates

A

Add dilute HCl, to remove impurities. Then add Barium ions. This will react to form Barium sulphate, which makes a white precipitate

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8
Q

Test for Halide ions

A

Add dilute nitric acid to remove impurities. Then add silver nitrate, which will react with the halide to give different colour precipitates.

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9
Q

As you go down the halides, the precipitate formed when reacted with silver nitrate becomes…

A

more yellow

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10
Q

What is the instrument which is used in flame emission spectroscopy

A

Spectroscope

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11
Q

In a spectroscopy experiment, what does the vibrancy of the bars suggest

A

The concentration of the ion

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12
Q

equation for concentration

A

concentration = moles/volume

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13
Q

Sulfuric acid

A

H2SO4

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14
Q

Nitric acid

A

HNO3

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15
Q

Sodium hydroxide

A

NaOH

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16
Q

Calcium carbonate

A

CaCO3

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17
Q

What happens in a weak acid

A

Only a certain ratio of acid molecules will dissociate into H+ ions.

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18
Q

What is an acids strength

A

How much an acid dissociates into H+ ions (e.g what proportion of acid molecules dissociate)

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19
Q

What is concentration in acids?

A

How much of an acid per unit of volume

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20
Q

What is pH?

A

The negative power of 10, on the hydrogen ions, per dm^3. (pH 2 means 1 x 10^-2 ions per dm^3)

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21
Q

What are anions

A

Negatively charged ions

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22
Q

What are cations

A

Positively charged ions

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23
Q

If there are more products being produced than reactants, which way does the equilibrium lie?

A

To the right

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24
Q

Adding heat to a reaction, favours,

A

The endothermic reaction

25
Q

Cooling down the reaction, favours

A

The exothermic reaction

26
Q

At the start of a reversible reaction, what are the rates of the forward and backward reaction

A

Forward reaction - very fast
Reverse reaction - not started

27
Q

If the reaction favours the forward, exothermic reaction, which way does the equilibrium shift?

A

To the right, as more products are being produced by the favoured reaction

28
Q

Increasing the pressure of a reversable reaction

A

Favours the reaction which produces the least number of molecules, so the equilibrium shifts to the side with the least molecules

28
Q

What does the position of equilibrium show

A

The equilibrium shifts to the side which has the most molecule’s. E.g., if the forward rection is favoured, more products will be made, so the equilibrium will shift to the right

29
Q

Adding more reactants in a reversible reaction

A

Causes the forward rection to be favoured, shifting the equilibrium to the right

30
Q

What is a fullerene

A

An allotrope of carbon, which is either a sphere or a tube

31
Q

Uses of fullerenes

A

Electrical circuits
Medicine (used to deliver drugs)
Used to strengthen materials

32
Q

Formula for Buckminster fullerene

A

C60

33
Q

Uses of nanoparticles

A

Fullerenes in medicine
Tiny electrical circuits
Silver nanoparticles have antimicrobial properties

34
Q

Concerns of nanoparticles

A

Very new science, so their effect is not yet fully studied
Nanoparticles in sun creams, but we do not fully know the effect they have on our bodies

35
Q

What happens when you react a group 1 metal with water?

A

Metal hydroxide + H2 is produced

36
Q

Lithium + oxygen –>

A

Lithium oxide

37
Q

Sodium + oxygen –>

A

Sodium oxide or
Sodium peroxide

38
Q

Potassium + oxygen –>

A

Potassium peroxide or
Potassium superoxide

39
Q

What is iodine

A

Grey solid

40
Q

What is bromine

A

Red liquid

41
Q

What are the three test tubes for rust

A

1) just boiled water (removes dissolved oxygen) with a layer of oil - no rust
2) just oxygen with CaCO3 at bottom (removes H2O from air) - no rust
3) half water and half air - rust

42
Q

What is electroplating

A

Using electrolysis to coat a metal in another metal to prevent corrosion

43
Q

What are sacrificial methods

A

Adding another (more reactive) metal to the iron, so it reacts with the O2 or water

44
Q

What is the formula for atom economy

A

(Mr of desired products / Mr of all reactants ) x 100

45
Q

What is the temp and pressure for the Haber process and what catalyst is used

A

450 degrees C, and 200 atmospheric pressures, with an iron catalyst

46
Q

What is the equation for the Haber process

A

N2+3H2 ⇌ 2NH3

47
Q

Why is the Haber process done at 450 degrees C

A

Forwards reaction is exothermic, so lower temp is ideal
However, for a fast rate of reaction, higher temp is ideal
450 Degrees is a compromise which is not too costly

48
Q

Why is the Haber process done at 200 atmospheric pressures

A

Forwards reaction produces less molecules, so it is favoured by high pressure
Rate of reaction increases with higher pressure
The only limiting factor is cost and safety, so 200 atm is chosen

49
Q

What is the process for flame test

A

Dip metal wire into HCl, then into distilled water, then into bunser flame, then into ion solution, then into bunsen flame

50
Q

What is used in the metal hydroxide test

A

Sodium hydroxide

51
Q

How does sulphur dioxide causes acid rain

A

By dissolving in clouds to form dilute sulphuric acid

52
Q

How are nitrous oxides formed

A

When the heat from engines cause nitrogen and oxygen to react together

53
Q

What do acid gas scrubbers do

A

Removes harmful gases from powerstations

54
Q

Are most nuetirlisation reactions exo or endo

A

exo

55
Q

Making bonds?

A

releases energy

56
Q

Atoms are

A

0.1 nm

57
Q

equation for condensation polymerisation

A

Di-carboxylic acid monomer + diol monomer —> condensation polymer + 2H2O

58
Q

When calculation concentration of unknown, what 3 things do u write under the reactants

A

C
M
V

(concnetration)
(mooels)
(vloume)

Biology (condesnsed) (6 decks)

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