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CCP 6 > LESSON 5: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM > Flashcards

LESSON 5: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

largest organ of the body that forms a physical barrier between the external environment and the internal environment that it serves to protect and maintain.

A

integumentary system

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2
Q

components of integumentary system

A

skin
nails
hair
cutaneous sense organs and glands

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3
Q

2 major tissue layers of the skin

A

epidermis and dermis

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4
Q
  • superficial layer
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • cornified or keratinized (hardened by keratin) to prevent water loss
  • avascular
  • most cells are keratinocytes
A

epidermis

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5
Q

prevents water loss and resists abrasion

A

epidermis

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6
Q
  • dense connective tissue
  • vascular
  • 10-20 times thicker than the epidermis
  • layer of dense connective tissue depending on location
    (blood vessels, oil and sweat glands, nerves, hair follicles, and other structures)
A

dermis

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7
Q
  • responsible for most of the skin’s structural strength
  • skin rests on the subcutaneous tissue, which is a layer of connective tissue
    (ex. areolar, adipose)
  • not part of the skin, but it connects skin to underlying muscle or bone
A

dermis

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8
Q
  • functions as padding and insulation
  • acceptable percentage of body fat varies from 21% to 30% for females and 13-25% for males
A

dermis

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9
Q
  • cells are dead
  • represented only by flat membranous sacs filled with keratin
  • glycolipids in extracellular space
A

stratum corneum

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10
Q
  • cells are flattened
  • organelles are deteriorating
  • cytoplasm full of granules
A

stratum granulosum

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11
Q
  • cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin
A

stratum spinosum

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12
Q
  • cells are actively dividing stem cells
  • some newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers
A

stratum basale

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13
Q

dermis consists of

A

sensory nerve ending
melanin granules
melanocytes

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14
Q

excessive sloughing of stratum corneum cells from the surface of the scalp is called

A

dandruff

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15
Q

in skin subjected to friction, the number of layers in the stratum corneum greatly increases, producing a thickened area called

A

callus

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16
Q

keratinization is also called

A

cornification

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17
Q

keratinocytes proliferate in the

A

basal layer (mitosis)

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18
Q

a complex process that results in the production of the impermeable stratum corneum

A

terminal differentiation (keratinization)

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19
Q

LAYERS OF THE EPIDERMIS
thick hairless layer

A
  1. stratum corneum
  2. stratum lucidum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum spinosum
  5. stratum basale

dermis

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20
Q
  • deepest layer of epidermis
  • lies next to dermis
  • wavy borderline with the dermis anchors the two together
A

stratum basale (stratum germinativum)

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21
Q
  • cells undergoing mitosis
  • daughter cells are pushed upward to become the more superficial layers
A

stratum basale (stratum germinativum)

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22
Q
  • several layers thick
  • contain a weblike system of intermediate filaments
A

stratum spinosum (pricky layer)

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23
Q
  • 4-6 layers thick
  • accumulates two types of granules: KERATOHYALINE GRANULES and LAMELLAR GRANULES
A

stratum granulosum (granular layer)

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24
Q

help to form keratin in the upper layer

A

keratohyaline granules

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25
Q

contain water-resistant glycolipid for slowing water loss across the epidermis

A

lamellar granules

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26
Q
  • formed from dead cells of the deeper strata
  • occurs only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet
A

stratum lucidum (clear layer)

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27
Q
  • outermost layer of the epidermis
  • shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin (protective protein prevents water loss from the skin)
A

stratum corneum (horny layer)

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28
Q

over a bony prominence, the stratum corneum can thicken to form a cone-shaped structure called a

A

corn

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29
Q

Why is it that soles and palms have no hair?

A
  1. Grip and traction
  2. sensitivity
  3. hygiene
  4. heat regulation
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30
Q
  • palms of hands, soles of feet
  • 5 epidermal layers (including stratum lucidum)
  • protective, withstands friction and wear
  • no hair follicles or sebaceous (oil) glands
A

thick skin

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31
Q
  • rest of the body
  • 4 epidermal layers, w/o stratum lucidum
  • sensory perception, touch, and temperature sensitivity
  • contains hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands
A

thin skin

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32
Q

cells in the epidermis

A
  1. keratinocytes
  2. melanocytes
  3. dendritic (Langerhans) cells or intraepidermal cells
  4. tactile (Merkel) cells
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33
Q
  • produce keratin, a fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties
  • arise in the deepest part of the epidermis, stratum basale
A

keratinocytes

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34
Q
  • spider-shaped epithelial cells
  • synthesize melanin pigment
  • found in the deepest part of the epidermis
A

melanocytes

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35
Q

arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis
- ingest foreign substances
- key activators of our immune system

A

dendritic (Langerhans) cells or intraepidermal cells

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36
Q
  • present at the epidermal-dermal junction
  • functions as sensory receptor for touch
A

tactile (Merkel) cells

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37
Q

layers of the dermis

A

epidermis
papillary layer of dermis
reticular layer of dermis

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38
Q

2 layers of dermis

A

papillary dermis (upper dermal region)
reticular dermis

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39
Q
  • areolar connective tissue
  • collagen and elastic fibers form a loosely woven mat
  • projections called dermal papillae

— some contain capillary loops
— others house pain receptors and touch receptors called tactile or Meissner’s corpuscles

A

papillary layer (upper dermal region)

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40
Q
  • 80% of the thickness of the dermis
  • dense fibrous connective tissue
  • cleavage (tension lines): important to surgeon
  • flexure lines: dermal folds that occur at or near joints
A

reticular layer

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41
Q

topological lines drawnon a map of the human body

A

Langer’s lines, Langer lines of skin tension, or sometimes called cleavage lines

42
Q

result ofa complex interaction between internal and external factors involving the skin

A

skin tension lines

43
Q

places where the dermis has folds to accommodate joint movement

A

flexure lines

44
Q

incision made across cleavage lines

A
  • can gap
  • increase time needed for healing and result in increased scar tissue formation
45
Q

incision made parallel to cleavage lines

A
  • less gapping
  • faster healing, less scar tissue
46
Q

flexure line types

A

normal palm creases
simian crease

47
Q

normal skin color determinants

A

melanin
carotene
hemoglobin

48
Q
  • polymer made of tyrosine amino acids
  • __________: yellow to red
  • __________: brown to black
A

melanin

pheomelanin
eumelanin

49
Q
  • precursor of vitamin A needed for vision
  • lipid-soluble
  • orange to yellow pigment from some vegetables
  • accumulates in the stratum corneum and in fatty tissue of hypodermis
A

carotene

50
Q

_________ is produced by melanocytes and packaged into vesicles called ___________

A

melanin

melanosomes

51
Q

differences in skin color are due mainly to the amount of pigment the melanocytes produce and transfer to keratinocytes

A
52
Q
  • red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries
  • Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring
A

hemoglobin

53
Q

A decrease in _________, as occurs in shock, can make the skin appear pale.

A

blood flow

54
Q

A decrease in the _________ produces a bluish color of the skin, called _______.

A

blood O2 content

cyanosis

55
Q

produced by the golgi apparatus of the melanocyte

A

melanosomes

56
Q

intracellular organelles that are uniquely generated by pigment cells in the skin and eye

A

melanosomes

57
Q

Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone, estrogens,melanocyte-stimulating hormoneand adrenocorticotrophin appear to increase epidermal melanin byenhancing the activity of _________

A

tyrosinase

58
Q

skins appear bluish

A

cyanotic

59
Q

due to embarrassment, inflammation, hypertension, fever, or allergy

A

redness (erythema)

60
Q

due to emotional stress such as fear, anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow to an area

A

pallor (blanching)

61
Q

liver disorder, gallbladder, or pancreas; occurs when too much bilirubin builds up in the body

A

jaundice (yellowing)

62
Q

Vitiligo (skin condition)

A

depigmentation

63
Q

Addison’s disease (skin disease)
– primary adrenal insufficiency

A

bronzing (hyperpigmentation)

64
Q

genetic disorder

A

albinism (partial or complete absence of melanin)

65
Q

hematomas

A

bruises

66
Q

skin appendages

A
  • cutaneous glands
    1. all exocrine glands
    2. sebaceous (oil) glands
    3. sweat (sudoriferous) glands
  • hair
  • hair follicles
  • nails
67
Q
  • Produce oil (sebum), accumulated lipids and cell fragments
  • Lubricant for skin
  • Prevents brittle hair
  • Kills bacteria
  • The sebum is released by holocrine secretion
  • Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others open directly onto skin surface
  • Glands are activated at puberty
A

oil (sebaceous) glands

68
Q

simple, branched acinar glands, with most being connected by a duct to the superficial part of a hair follicle.

A

sebaceous glands

69
Q

released by holocrine secretion and lubricates the hair and the surface of the skin, which prevents drying and protects against some bacteria.

  • oily white substance rich in lipids
A

sebum

70
Q

produced in the cytoplasm of the cell and released by the rupture of the plasma membrane, w/c destroys the cell and results to secretion

A

holocrine secretions

71
Q

accumulated sebum blocks a sebaceous gland duct

A

whitehead

72
Q

material oxidizes and dries

A

blackhead

73
Q

an active inflammation of sebaceous glands accompanied by “pimples” – caused by bacterial infection (Staphylococcus)

A

acne

74
Q

overactive sebaceous gland, in infants it is known as “cradle cap”

A

seborrhea

75
Q
  • Produce sweat
  • Widely distributed in skin except nipples and parts of external genitalia

2 Types: ______ & _______

A

sweat (sudoriferous) glands

eccrine and aprocrine

76
Q
  • Numerous and abundant in the palms, soles of the feet and forehead
  • Open via duct to pore on skin surface
    Produce sweat (clear) – water & few salts
A

Eccrine (Merocrine) sweat glands

77
Q
  • Aprox. 2,000 are largely confined to the axillary and anogenital areas
  • Ducts empty into hair follicles
  • Begin to function at puberty
  • Release sweat that also contains fatty acids and proteins (milky/yellowish color)
A

Apocrine sweat glands

78
Q

term used to classify exocrine glands and their secretions in the study of histology

A

Merocrine (or eccrine)

79
Q

bud their secretions off through the plasma membrane producing extracellular membrane-bound vesicles.

A

apocrine

80
Q

COMPOSITION
- Mostly water
- Salts and vitamin C
- Some metabolic waste
- Fatty acids and proteins (apocrine only)

A

sweat

81
Q

FUNCTION
- Helps dissipate excess heat
- Excretes waste products
- Acidic nature inhibits bacteria growth

A

sweat

82
Q

from associated bacteria

A

odor

83
Q

modified apocrine sweat glands

A

ciliary glands
ceruminous glands
mammary glands

84
Q

Found in the eyelids

A

ciliary glands

85
Q
  • Modified apocrine glands found in the lining of the external ear canal
  • Secretion mixes with sebum to produce cerumen or ear wax.
A

ceruminous glands

86
Q

secretes milk

A

mammary glands

87
Q
  • Produced by hair follicle
  • Consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells
  • Melanocytes provide pigment for hair color
  • Hair grows in the matrix of the hair bulb in stratum basale
A

hair or pili

88
Q

Dermal and epidermal sheath surround hair root

A

hair follicle

89
Q
  • Smooth muscle cells
  • Pulls hairs upright when cold or frightened
  • Important role: contractions force sebum out of hair follicles to the skin surface where it acts as skin lubricant.
A

Arrector pili muscle

90
Q

stage where hair is formed by mitosis of epithelial cells within the hair bulb or hair follicle; these cells divide and undergo keratinization

A

growth stage

91
Q

hair has stopped growing in this phase, but is still in the hair follicle.

A

transition stage

92
Q

during this time, hairs are shed from the follicle

A

resting stage

93
Q

NO HAIR

A

palms
soles of feet
red part of lips

94
Q

types of hair growth

A

lanugo
vellus hair
terminal (androgenic) hair

95
Q
  • thin, fine hair that grows on most of your body. You might know it as “peach fuzz.”
  • usually lighter and shorter than terminal hair.
A

vellus hair

96
Q

very thin, soft, usually unpigmented downy hair that is sometimes found on the body of a fetal or new-born human, first hair to be produced by the fetal hair follicles

A

lanugo

97
Q

thicker, longer hair you have on your scalp, which healthcare providers call

A

terminal (androgenic) hair

98
Q

– excessive hairiness
– may result from an adrenal gland or ovarian tumor

A

hirsutism

99
Q

hair thinning and some degree of baldness

A

alopecia

100
Q

Most common, male pattern baldness

A

True or frank baldness

101
Q
  • Scale-like modifications of the epidermis
  • Heavily keratinized
  • Stratum basale extends beneath the nail bed
  • Responsible for growth
  • Lack of pigment makes them colorless
A

nails

CCP 6 (8 decks)

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