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CCP 6 > GROUP 2 > Flashcards

GROUP 2 Flashcards

1
Q

an organ system, involved majorly in the movement of the body.

A

muscular system

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2
Q

found in the heart, blood vessels, and digestive system.

A

muscle tissues

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3
Q

Every muscle is a different organ made of (4)

A

blood vessels
skeletal muscle tissue
nerves
tendons

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4
Q

Importance

A

fundamental for promoting physical health, preventing injuries, enhancing athletic performance, and facilitating rehabilitation.

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5
Q

types of muscles

A
  1. smooth (present only in the heart; spindle-shaped)
  2. cardiac (within organs such as the intestines, the blood vessels and the stomach; cylindrical, branched)
  3. skeletal (body parts that are connected to the bone; long, cylindrical)
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6
Q

Individual muscle cells that makes up the skeletal muscles

A

muscle fiber

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7
Q

Many oval nuclei can be seen just beneath the plasma membrane, which is called

A

sarcolemma

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8
Q

The nuclei are pushed aside by long ribbonlike organelles which nearly fill the cytoplasm

A

myofibrils

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9
Q

give the muscle cell as a whole its striped appearance.

A

light and dark bands

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10
Q

The myofibrils are actually chains of tiny contractile units called ________, which are aligned end to end like boxcars in a train along the length of the myofibrils.

A

sarcomeres

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11
Q

There are two types of threadlike protein _________ within each of our “boxcar” sarcomeres.

A

myofilaments

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12
Q

also called myosin filaments, are made mostly of bundled molecules of the protein myosin, but they also contain ATPase enzymes, which split ATP to generate the power for muscle contraction.

A

thick filaments

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13
Q

Notice that the midparts of the thick filaments are smooth, but their ends are studded with thick projections; these projections, or myosin beads, are called ___________ when they link the thick and thin filaments together during contraction.

A

cross bridges

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14
Q

composed of the contractile protein called actin, plus some regulatory proteins that play a role in allowing (or preventing) myosin-bead

A

thin filaments

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15
Q
  • very important muscle fiber organelle
  • a specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • the interconnecting tubules and sacs of the SR surround each and every myofibril just as the sleeve of a loosely crocheted sweater surrounds your arm, and its major role is to store calcium and to release it on demand.
A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

made up of hundreds of thousands of muscle cells (also called muscle fibres). These muscle cells act together to perform the functions of the specific muscle they are part of.

A

skeletal muscle

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17
Q

macro structure

A

muscle
fascicles
muscle fibers

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18
Q

micro structure

A

muscle fibers (bundle of myofibrils)

myofibrils

sarcomeres

myofilaments (actin, myosin)

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19
Q

Parts of Muscle Fiber

A

1) Sarcolemma
2) Mitochondria
3) Transverse tubules
4) Terminal cisternae
5) Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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20
Q
  • Forms Short or Thinner Filaments
  • Have smooth surface
  • Have a lighter striations
  • Slide into the H-zone during contraction
  • Free at one end
A

actin

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21
Q
  • Forms Long or Thick Filaments
  • Have rough surface
  • Have a dark striations
  • Do not slide during contraction
  • Free at both ends
A

myosin

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22
Q

3 structures of actin

A

g-actin
tropomyosin
troponin

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23
Q

2 structures of myosin

A

head
rod

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24
Q

FOUR MAJOR FUNCTIONS of the muscular system

A

contractility
excitability
extensibility
elasticity

25
Q

ability of muscle to shorten forcefully, when muscle contracts, it either causes the structures to which it is attached to move or increases pressure inside a hollow organ or vessel.

A

contractility

26
Q

capacity of muscle to respond to a stimulus.

A

excitability

27
Q

muscle can be stretched beyond its normal resting length and still be able to contract.

A

extensibility

28
Q

ability of muscle to recoil to its original resting length after it has been stretched.

A

elasticity

29
Q

In an unstimulated cell, the uneven distribution of charges is referred to as the

A

resting membrane

30
Q

Enables the determination of cell potential under non-standard conditions

A

nernst equation

31
Q

Movement of 3 Na ions out of the cell and 2 K ions move inside the cell.

A

sodium potassium pump

32
Q

Muscle cells and nerve cells are excitable cells

A
33
Q

Integral membrane proteins that contain a pore which allows the regulated flow of selected ions across the plasma membrane

A

gated-ion channels

34
Q

the initial increase of the membrane potential to the value of the threshold potential

A

hypopolarization

35
Q

the value of the membrane potential which, if reached, leads to the all-or-nothing initiation of an action potential

A

threshold

36
Q

The movement of Na is called the local current, which causes the inside of the cell membrane to become positively charged.

A

depolarization

The depolarization result is called the local potential

37
Q

the peak of the action potential where the membrane potential is positive

A

overshoot

38
Q

The subsequent return to resting potential, repolarization, is mediated by the opening of potassium ion channels

A

Repolarization

39
Q

The process of depolarization and repolarization is what is referred to as the

A

action potential

40
Q

action potential propagate towards the synaptic terminal which stimulates the release of a neurotransmitters

Cause calcium channels to open up, which is essential for

A

muscle contraction

41
Q

the end of the motor neuron that divides into a cluster of synaptic end bulbs

A

axon terminal

42
Q

neural part of NMJ

A

Synaptic End Bulbs

43
Q

suspended in the cytosol within each synaptic end bulb are hundreds of membrane-enclosed sacs.

A

Synaptic Vesicles

44
Q

the neurotransmitter released at the NMJ

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

45
Q

the muscular part of the NMJ. The region of the sarcolemma opposite the synaptic end bulbs.

The region of the sarcolemma opposite the synaptic end bulbs.

A

Motor End Plate

46
Q

integral transmembrane proteins to which ACh specifically binds.

A

Acetyl Choline Receptors

47
Q

deep grooves in the motor end plate that provide a large surface area for ACh.

A

Junctional Folds

48
Q

NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTIONS

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE

49
Q

NEUROCARDIAC JUNCTIONS

A

CARDIAC MUSCLE

50
Q

NEUROEFFECTOR JUNCTIONS

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE

51
Q

The neuromuscular junction is composed of three parts:

A

Presynaptic motor nerve terminal
Synaptic cleft or junctional cleft
Postsynaptic muscle fiber

52
Q
  • Terminal end branches to one to two hundred nerve terminals
  • Each ending of these terminal lies close to the membrane of the muscle
A

Presynaptic motor nerve terminal

53
Q
  • thick ends of the nerve terminals that contains special proteins, voltage-gated calcium channels, and potassium channels.
  • contains a variety of cell organelles including mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.
  • Many mitochondria mean there is enough energy for acetylcholine synthesis.
A

Active Zone

54
Q

The space between the nerve terminal and the plasma membrane of muscle

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) released from vesicles in the active zone of the motor nerve terminal must cross this gap to cause an effect in the muscle

A

Synaptic cleft or junctional cleft

55
Q

The synaptic cleft contains quantities of an enzyme called

helps to break down acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline much more quickly – it is a catalyst.

Function: end a nerve impulse once it has reached the target muscle.
The release of acetylcholine requires calcium ions.

A

acetylcholinesterase (AChE).

56
Q

positioned on the receiving end of the synaptic cleft

The power that is caused by changes in membrane voltage by the acceptance of ACh in the motor endplate receptors can depolarize a muscle fiber and cause it to contract.

ACh receptors are ligand-gated ion channels.

Between +50 and +75 millivolts are required. This power surge is called the end plate potential (EPP).

Only higher-volume release from large numbers of vesicles can produce the voltage changes that forward a nerve impulse. When enough is released to produce at least +50 mV, muscle contraction can occur.

A

Postsynaptic muscle fiber

57
Q

ccurs because myosin heads attach to and “walk” along the thin filaments at both ends of a sarcomere, progressively pulling the thin filaments toward the M line

A

Muscle contraction

58
Q

A muscle rests if
the motor neuron stops releasing signals

A

CCP 6 (8 decks)

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