Sustainable Transport Flashcards
What are some future projections that is talked about in this series?
The following are future projections made by the international energy agency (IEA).
STEP: known as the stated policy scenarios this is a sum of all implemented national policies.more realistic than APS.
APS : known as the Announced pledge scenario this the sum of all national announcements. This scenario is more optimistic than STEPS.
NZE 2050: this is designed by the IEA in accordance with Paris 1.5.
An overview of the transport sector
From time it’s been heavily dominated by oil, with 3.6% of it occupied by biofuels and 0.9% of it occupied by electricity.
What are the global c02 emissions like for the various sub sectors in transport ?
The highest is the road sector, then we have the shipping , then aviation, then pipeline transport (the transport is solid,liquids or gaseous products through pies over long distances), then the least emitter rail.
Energy demand in transport by fuel and scenario 2022-2050.road
Base in 2022 oil deman is at about 80% with about 5% natural gas , about 10% bioenergy and less than 1% electricity .
Roads 2030
STEPS: oil demand stays pretty much the same , same with natural gas, and increase in bioenergy , and a good increase in electricity .
APS: oil reduces to about 69%, reduction in natural gas, increase in bioenergy to over 10% and increase in electricity and an introduction of hydrogen.
NZE: oil about 58%, natural gas reduction to less than 5% bioenergy increase to over 10%, almost 10% increase for electricity and an introduction of hydrogen.
2050road
STEPS: oil about 65%, a little reduction in natural gas, a bit of an increase in bioenergy compared to 2030,more increase in electricity, and a sliver of increase in hydrogen.
APS: oil about 30%, natural gas about 5%,bioenergy reduces as compared to 2030, heavy increase in electricity and quite an increase in hydrogen use and an introduction of hydrogen based fuels.
NZE: oil less than 10%, natural gas nonexistent, bioenergy reduced to less than 5%, huge increase in electricity an increase in hydrogen and introduction of hydrogen based fuels.
Energy demand in transport by fuel and scenario 2022-2050.non road (shipping,aviation,rails)
Base oil almost 25%, gas about 5%, electricity about 1.5%.
2030
STEPS: oil bout 30%, natural gas over 5%, intro bioenergy, 1.5% electricity, intro odiferous hydrogen based fuels.
APS: oil about 26%, natural gas about 4%,bioenergy 1%, electricity about 2%, into of hydrogen based fuels .
NZE: oil reduces a little bit from being almos 25%, gas, reduces as well, bioenergy about 3%,electricity about 3%,intro hydrogen, hydrogen based fuels 1.5%
2050
Step: increase oil, slight reduction in gas , increase in bio energy, slight increase in electricity
APS, reduction of oil to about 22%, natural gas 1%,bioenergy about 10%, electricity 5%,, hydrogen 1%, hydrogen based fuels over 5%.
NZE; oil less than 10%,no natural gas, bioenergy about 10%,hydrogen about 5%, electricity about 5%, hydrogen based fuels opalmost 15%
Why are biofuels in Sweden about 21%
This is because it is enforced by laws and legislation.
What percentage of the transport energy did HVO, biodiesel and ethanol take in 2022?
4.3%
What sector in the European Union has had a continuous increase in co2 emissions?
The transport sector is the only sector in EU that has been increasing in Europe for decades
What is the prognosis for emissions reductions by sector in EU-28?
By 2050 all emissions in all sectors should reduce and be below 20%.
However this will be a bit tricky since in co2 agriculture because certain factors are out of control like how much methane a cow emits.
Fuel options
Transport alternative pathways
The alternative path ways to fuel are centered around hydrogen and hydrogen based fuels and electricity.
Although they have numerous benefits one noticeable thing about hydrogen is that 30% of its energy is lost during electrolysis. Making it a bit less efficient.
Electricity can lead inductive or conductive roads which will benefit all vehicles including long distance vehicles trains included(because it charges while you drive).
Some may argue that using hydrogen is better than electric vehicles because to store electricity large scale requires production of several batteries (materials to make these batteries are mined).
What are some limiting factors for biomass use for biofuels that prevent them from being the solution to the transport sector?
For first generation fuels (fuel from crops): it usually competes with actual food. Causing food insecurity and the increase in food prices.
For second generation fuels( forestry and waste from forests): technological development is still needed .
Competing with the cause to reduce the use of steel and concrete(high carbon emitters) in construction, competition with heat and power production, competition with paper production. These forest residues also release nutrients into tether ground through decomposition.
The use of pesticides and fertilizers and water on a large scale is also a bit problematic
Where do cereals needs for biofuel (ethanol) production come from?
About 66% of it comes from additional/increased production.
10% comes from change consumption patterns (less cereals consumed)
24% of it comes from reduction of cereal in animal feeding.
Is this statement true or false when food prices go up riots increase.
True .
Why is it not so feasible to grow energy crops on land meant for food production?
It competes with and food prices increase causing a snowball effect of negative consequences eg riots.
Biofuel and EU
The EU target has been to 10% of transport being renewable by 2020.
Out this biofuels contributed 4.5% of the transport energy sectors needs in 2011. In 2012 there was cap set of the use of first generation fuels for biofuels, this was because it was competing with food market . This limited biofuels share of the market to 5% and in the long run 7%.
As at 2021 biofuels share of the market is 6.8% with 4% being from crop land.
GWP of first generation fuels
Good
Sugar cane (top performer because of high yield to ferment able sugar which is key for bio ethanol production)
Sugar beet ( also good but used less because of less availability)
Corn
They all have their CO2 emissions quite low . However it is important note that corn is the worst because it is not as efficient as the other two.
Bad
Palm oil
Rapeseed
Soya beans
wheat (4th)
sunflowers
Molasses
Global warming potential of 2nd generation fuels
Forest residue
Bagasse
Short rotation coppice
Miscanthus
Corn stover
Switch grass
Straw/husk
What are the system effects for tall oil?
They were being used more than once in multiple procedures (heating and production), this required fore electricity sourced from external sources who might have produced electricity using fossils.
What cuts down preem’s diesel climate emissions to 90% as compared to fossil diesel?
Preem is using HVO (biofuel that come from slaughters,animal and plant fat) and from tall oil, and blends different diesel ratios all the way up to 100% . This is what cuts down emissions for preem.
Ratio of diesel in these fuels is set to reduce because it makes the fuel more expensive.
So mixing a small percent of fossil fuels with various biofuels is bound to cut emissions down and reduce prices of diesel and petrol.
What generation fuels are acceptable
2nd generation fuels are much better because there is less competition for food , however these also conform forests and there are lots of uses .
If second generation is the main solution for biofuels which areas should be prirotised?
Long distance flights should be prioritized because they s major contributor to green house gases , and have no means of charging or refueling like road vehicles.
Although this feasible it requires serious technological advancements because it is important to address the issues of scaling up biofuel use and addressing availability of feedstock.
International shipping would be a second area of prioritization , also green house gas emitters
Balancing intermittent energy sources in the electricity sectors: intermittent renewable energy sources such as wind and solar face challenges because of how variable they . 2G fuels can be used to supplement these energy sources to produce electricity when these variable renewables are not. However it involves successful integration into grid lines and storage capacity.
Which of the two areas should be prioritized?
Long distance flights and Balancing intermittent energy sources in the electricity sectors
Reason:long distance flights emit so many green houses because of the jet engine so channeling limited bioenergy resources in that direction would be ideal. Also there can be many other ways to curb the emissions that shipping makes like improving vessel efficiency,adopting wind assisting systems.
The second to prioritize is balancing of intermittent energy sources in the electricity sector. This will ensure that electricity demand and supply is met in a low carbon way when other renewable energy sources are unable to meet demands
Efficiency of transport solutions
What this is showing is that electric vehicles seem to be the solution
Diesel+petrol = 20% efficiency Need 85twh of fuel to cover Swede transport for a year.
Electro fuels (combination of hydrogen and co2)= 17% efficiency due to several losses in energy in manufacturing, need 164twh of electricity for transport in Sweden for a year.
Hydrogen = efficiency 24% (looses energy in electrolysis) needs 116twh of electricity for transport in Sweden for a year.
Electric vehicles only passenger cars = 73% efficiency 15twh of electricity for transport in Sweden for a year.
Electric vehicles and electric road system (all road traffic)= efficiency 77% needsv36 Twh of electricity for transport in Sweden for a year.
Keep in mind current electricity demand is 140twh
