Disorders of GI

Question 1

Poo

Morning
* “All disease begins in the gut.”
* –Hippocrates

Question 2

Signs and Symptoms Common to GI Disorders

-Anorexia
-___________
- ___________
- Gastrointestinal bleeding (GI bleeding)

Answer 2

Nausea

Vomiting

Question 3

____________________
* Mechanism
– Depends on the coordinated action
of the tongue and pharynx

Answer 3

Swallowing

Question 4

__________:difficulty in swallowing

Answer 4

Dysphagia

Question 5

___________: painful swallowing

Answer 5

Odynophagia

Question 6

Gastrointestinal Bleeding

____________
– Blood in the vomitus
– May be bright red or have coffee grounds appearance

Answer 6

Hematemesis

Question 7

_____________
– Blood in the stool
– Ranges in color from bright red to
tarry black
– May be occult (hidden)

Answer 7

Melena

Question 8

Esophageal Diverticulum
Food stops before it reaches the
stomach
– __________
– _____________
– Coughing
– Foul-smelling breath

Answer 8

Gurgling

Belching

Question 9

Gastroesophageal Reflux
- _______________
– 30–60 minutes after meal
– Evening onset
– ______in epigastric area that radiates
to throat, shoulder, or back

Answer 9

Heartburn, pain

Question 10

GERD Advice
* Avoid _________
* Avoid alcohol use and smoking
* Eat meals _____________
* Avoid _______for long periods
* Sleep with the head elevated
* Lose weight if overweight

Answer 10

avoid large meals

eat meals sitting up

bending

Question 11

Stomach
* Has a lining that protects it from acid
– Prevents acid from getting to other layers
– Two layers
* ___________
* _______________

Answer 11

Water soluble

Water insoluble

Question 12

Gastritis
* Inflammation of gastric mucosa
– Acute
* Transient inflammation
* Caused by irritants such as bacterial
endotoxins, _________, and __________

Answer 12

alcohol,aspirin

Question 13

________________
Characterized by
– Absence of grossly visible erosions
– Presence of inflammation changes
-Leads eventually to atrophy of the
glandular epithelium of the stomach

Answer 13

Chronic Gastritis

Question 14

Major Types of Chronic Gastritis
* Helicobacter pylori gastritis
* Autoimmune gastritis
* Multifocal atrophic gastritis
* Chemical gastropathy

Question 15

__________________________
* Colonizes mucus-secreting
epithelial cells of the stomach
* Interferes with the protection of the
gastric mucosa against acid
* Produces intense inflammation
* Elicits an immune response

Answer 15

Helicobacter pylori

Question 16

An _________ is an open sore…something open…some discontinuation so it’s a break in the body membrane that’s impeding the organ from continuing its normal functions so an ulceration is going to be any kind of break within an organs that’s preventing it from doing what it should do and this can especially problematic for something like the stomach where you need the entire organ to be functioning properly because if there is a damage anywhere that acid is going to find it…its kind of like water its going to find its way through any little hole or crack

Answer 16

ulcer

Question 17

__________________
Ulcerative disorders
– occur in areas of the upper
gastrointestinal tract
– acid-pepsin secretions
Spontaneous remissions and
exacerbations are common

Answer 17

Peptic Ulcer

Question 18

Causes of Peptic Ulcer
* Developed by ~10% of population
– H. pylori
– Aspirin
– ________
– ____________
– ____________

Answer 18

age,warfarin,smoking

Question 19

________________
– Erosion of an ulcer into an artery or vein

Answer 19

Hemorrhage

Question 20

_________________
– Caused by edema, spasm, or
contraction of scar tissue

Answer 20

Obstruction

Question 21

_____________________
– Occurs when an ulcer erodes through
all the layers of the stomach or
duodenum wall

Answer 21

Perforation

Question 22

_____________________
* Curling ulcer
* Develop after physiological stress
– Burns, tramua, sepsis etc.
* Not mental stress

Answer 22

Stress Ulcers

Question 23

____________________
* 2nd most common tumor worldwide
* Incidence varies widely
– Japan, China, Russia and S. America
– Low in US
– Seems very related to diet

Answer 23

Gastric Cancer

Question 24

Disorders of Intestines
* Microbiome
* ___________________
* _____________
* Diverticulitis
* Appendicitis
* Alterations in bowel motility
Malabsorption syndrome
Cancer of the colon and rectum

Answer 24

irritable bowel syndrome

inflammatory bowel disease

Question 25

____________________
* Commensal organisms in body
* Diseases in many organs linked to it
* Also effects of many drugs
* Estimated to be as many (to 10X as
many) in body than human cells

Answer 25

Microbiome

Question 26

______________________
* Chronic and recurrent intestinal issue
– No structural or biochemical abnormalities
– Seems to be manifestation of stress
– Some correlation with menstrual hormones
* IBS more common in women
– Thought 10-15% of population has it

Answer 26

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Question 27

Inflammatory Bowel
Disease
* 2 major types
– _______________
– ____________
* Similar in that both IBD
* Lack causative agent
* Have a familial pattern of occurrence
* Accompanied by systematic manifest

Answer 27

Chron disease

Ulcerative colitis

Question 28

Infections of the Intestine

Viral infection
– ________

Bacterial infection
– Clostridium difficile colitis
–_____________ O157:H7 infection

Protozoal infection
– Entamoeba histolytica

Answer 28

Rotavirus

Escherichia coli (E.coli)

Question 29

Alterations in Motility

____________
– Acute
– Chronic

____________
– Fecal Impaction
– Intestinal Obstruction

Answer 29

Diarrhea

Constipation

Question 30

Types of Diarrhea
* Non-inflammatory (__________)
– ________
* Lactase deficiency

– ____________
* Fat malabsorption

Answer 30

Large-volume

Osmotic

Secretory

Question 31

Types of Diarrhea

• Inflammatory (__________)

– Inflammatory bowel disease
–_________disease
– Irritable colon

Answer 31

Small-volume

Infectious disease

Question 32

Common Causes of Constipation
* Failure to respond to the urge to _______
* Inadequate _______ in the diet
* Inadequate ________ intake
* Weakness of the abdominal
muscles
* Inactivity and bed rest
* ___________
* Hemorrhoids

Answer 32

defecate, fiber, fluid, pregnancy

Question 33

________________________
* Failure to transport nutrients from
intestine to the extracellular fluid
* Causes
– Celiac disease
– Inflammatory reaction
– Neoplasm
– Colorectal cancer

Answer 33

Intestinal Malabsorption

Question 34

Intestinal Malabsorption
* Symptoms
– ___________
– Steatorrhea (“fatty poop”)
– Flatulence(Gas)
– _______________
– Abdominal pain
– _____________
– Weakness, muscle wasting
– Weight loss and abdominal distention

Answer 34

Diarrhea, Bloating, Cramps

Question 35

___________________
* Immune-mediated disorder to gluten
* Very common genetic disorder
– 3 million people (1% of population)
* Used to be considered very rare
* Hypersensitive response to gluten
– Causes loss of absorption in small intest.
* Leads to malabsorption of protein, fat,
vitamins etc

Answer 35

Celiac Disease

Question 36

Classic Form of Celiac Disease
* Presents in ____________
* Manifests as
– _____________
– __________
– Abdominal distention
– Occasionally, severe malnutrition

Answer 36

infancy

failure to thrive

diarrhea

Question 37

_____________________
* Major cause of morbidity & mortality
– Most are located in colon
* Most common are adenoma polyps

Answer 37

Intestinal Tumors

Question 38

Neoplasmic progression

normal–>early–>mid–>late–>carcinoma–>mets adenoma–> adenoma–>adenoma

Question 39

_________________
* 3rd most common cancer in US
– 2nd leading cause of death from cancer
– Decreasing death rates since 1980

Answer 39

Colorectal Cancer

Question 40

Colorectal Cancers
* Risk Factors
–________ – 90% occur age 50+
–_____________– 20% of all cases
– ______________
– Ulcerative colitis
–Familial adenomatous polyposis
– Diet

Answer 40

Age, Family history, Chron’s disease

Question 41

Effect of Diet on Colorectal Cancer
* Seems to be increased with
– ________
– Refined _________ intake
– Low ________ intake
– Low vitamin A ,C & E intake

Answer 41

High fat,sugar, low fiber intake

Question 42

Symptoms of Colorectal Cancer
* No symptoms for a while
* Usually_______ in stool is first sign
* Changes in bowel habits
– Diarrhea constipation

Answer 42

blood

Question 43

Marcee is a 52-year-old woman who worked at a
reception desk at a company head office. She
took some time off when she was treated for
colorectal cancer. No one in her family had a
history of the disease. Marcee doesn’t drink or
smoke, but she doesn’t pay close attention to her
diet. At work, her meals consisted mainly of the
foods she got from vending machines at the
cafeteria. At home, she preferred to heat up
frozen dinners or any prepackaged food that
required minimal preparation time.
* What is important info for cancer predisposition?