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Third Exam for Patho > Liver and Pancreas > Flashcards

Liver and Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

Liver
– Synthesizes ___________, plasma proteins, and
blood-clotting factors
– Carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
– Responsible for the degradation and
elimination of _____ and hormones

A

glucose

drugs

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2
Q

______________
– Supplies the insulin and glucagon needed in
cell metabolism

A

Endocrine pancreas

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3
Q

Bile Production and Use
* Needed to digest __________
– Bring fat soluble vits to surface of intestine

  • Used to digest and eliminate fat solubles
A

fat

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4
Q

_________________
* Reduction of bile flow or secretion
* Things eliminated by bile accumulate in blood

A

Cholestasis

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5
Q

Causes of Jaundice
* Excessive destruction of ____________
* __________ uptake of bilirubin by the liver
cells
* Decreased _______________ of bilirubin
*_____________ of bile flow

A

destruction of red blood cells

impaired

conjugation

obstruction

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6
Q

Categories of Jaundice

________________
– Major cause is excessive hemolysis of
red blood cells

A

Prehepatic

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7
Q

_______________
–Directly inhibition of liver’s ability
remove bilirubin
-Or its ability to conjugate it so it can be
eliminated in the bile

A

Intrahepatic

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8
Q

_______________
–Occurs when bile flow is obstructed
between the liver and the intestine

A

Posthepatic

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9
Q

Disorders of Liver and Bile Function
* Injury from ______and toxins
* Infection, inflammation, and immune
responses
* ___________ disorders
* Neoplasms

A

drugs, metabolic disorders

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10
Q

Hepatic Detoxification and Metabolism
__________ reactions
* Phase 2 reactions
* ____________

A

Phase 1, biotransformations

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11
Q

Factors Contributing to Drug Induced Liver Disease
* Genetic predisposition
* ____
* Underlying chronic liver disease
* _______ and _________ consumption
* Use of multiple interacting drugs

A

Age, Diet, alcohol

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12
Q

Drug-Induced Liver Diseases
* Potential mechanisms include
– Direct hepatoxic injury
– Idosyncratic reactions
– _________reactions
– Chronic ________

A

colestatic, hepatitis

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13
Q

Direct Hepatotoxicity
______________

A

Tylenol

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14
Q

_________________:Early onset of itch or jaundice

A

Cholestatic reactions

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15
Q

Causes of Hepatitis
Autoimmune disorders
Reactions to drugs and toxins
Infectious disorders
– Malaria, & infectious mononucleosis,
-_____________

A

Hepatotropic viruses

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16
Q

Known Hepatotropic Viruses
* Hepatitis A virus (HAV)
* Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
* Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
* Hepatitis D virus (HDV)
* Hepatitis E virus (HEV)

A
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17
Q

_____________________
* Caused by HAV (an RNA virus)
* Usually benign self-limited disease
– Can cause death from liver failure rarely
* Abrupt onset of symptoms: Fever, malaise, nausea, dark urine, jaundice
Travels fecal-oral route
Children <6 are often asymptomatic
Doesn’t induce chronic hepatitis

A

Hepatitis A

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18
Q

___________________
* Caused by HBV – DNA virus
* Can cause
– acute hepatitis
– chronic hepatitis
– Progression to cirrhosis
* Has declined steadily in US
* Still higher in age 25-44 (esp men)

A

Hepatitis B

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19
Q

Hepatitis B
* Transmitted by _____ or ________ contact
– _________partners
– Injecting drug use
* Healthcare workers also need to be
careful with blood exposure/needles
* There is a HBV vaccine

A

oral or sexual

multiple partners

20
Q

____________________
* Also an RNA virus
* Most common cause of chronic hepatitis,
cirrhosis and cancer
* Transmitted through blood/sexual contact
* Intravenous drug use is most common
– High risk sexual behavior is 2nd
* Used to be a concern through blood banks

A

Hepatitis C

21
Q

________________________
Another RNA virus
* Infection requires the presence of HBV
* Can make Hep B much worse
– Increases severity of infection
* Transmission is similar to Hep B
* Especially dangerous to Hep B+ persons

A

Hepatitis D

22
Q

__________________
* An RNA virus
* Presents similar to Hep A
* Major difference is that _ causes
high fatalities in pregnancy (20%)
* Primarily occurs in developing countries

A

Hepatitis E

23
Q

_____________________
* Minimum 3-6 months inflammation
Major cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer
– Major reason for liver transplantation
– Three of the hepatotropic virus cause it
* HBV HCV and HDV
* HCV accounts for 65-80% of all Chronic Viral Hep

A

Chronic Viral Hepatitis

24
Q

Alcohol-Induced Liver Disease

  • ______________
    – Accumulation of fat in hepatocytes
A

Fatty liver disease

25
Q

_______________
– Inflammation and necrosis of hepatocytes
– In between FLD(Fatty liver disease) and Cirrhosis
– Serious disease
* Acute stage is fatal in 10%

A

Alcoholic hepatitis

26
Q

Alcohol-Induced Liver Disease

Fatty liver disease

Alcoholic hepatitis

______________

A

Cirrhosis

27
Q

Cirrhosis
___________________
– Fibrosis replacement of hepatic tissue

Causes
– Major:alcoholism

A

End stage chronic liver disease

28
Q

Manifestations of Cirrhosis
_____________(sometimes masked by ascites)
* Weakness
* Anorexia
* Diarrhea or
constipation
* __________________
* Jaundice
* Abdominal pain

A

Weight loss, Hepatomegaly

29
Q

Late Manifestations of Cirrhosis
Portal Hypertension
– ______________

A

Splenomegaly

30
Q

___________________
* Most severe consequence of liver disease
* Can be sudden or progressive
* Often worsened by
– Heart failure
– Infection
– GI bleeding
– Electrolyte disturbances

A

Liver Failure

31
Q

Manifestations of Liver Failure
* Hematologic disorders
*____________disorders
* _________disorders
* Hepatorenal syndrome
* Hepatic encephalopathy

A

Endocrine disorders, Skin disorders,

32
Q

Components of the Hepatobiliary System
_______________
* Left and right hepatic ducts
– Come together to form the common
hepatic duct

A

Gallbladder

33
Q

__________________
* A pear-shaped, muscular sac located on
the ventral surface of the liver
* Function - stores and concentrates bile

A

Gallbladder

34
Q

____________ (gallstones)
– Precipitation of substances in bile
* Mainly cholesterol and bilirubin
* 80% are cholesterol

A

Cholelithiasis

35
Q

Inflammation of the gallbladder
(____________)
– Generally associated with gallstones

A

cholecystitis

36
Q

_____________
* It’s an exocrine and endocrine organ
* Secrete digestive enzymes that breaks
down many dietary proteins
* Are secreted as pro-enzymes

A

Pancreas

37
Q

Pancreatic Secretions
* Contain proteolytic enzymes
– break down dietary proteins
* Secretions include pancreatic amylase
– Breaks down starch and lipases,
* Pancreatic enzymes are secreted inactive
– Activated in the intestine.

A
38
Q

Pancreatic Secretions
* Contain proteolytic enzymes
– break down dietary proteins
* Secretions include pancreatic ___________
– Breaks down starch and lipases,
* Pancreatic enzymes are secreted inactive
– Activated in the intestine.

A

amylase

39
Q

Common Causes of Acute Pancreatitis
* Gallstones (stones in the common duct)
* Alcohol abuse
* Hyperlipidemia
* Hyperparathyroidism
* Infections (particularly viral)

A
40
Q

__________________
* Progressive destruction of pancreas
– Acute is reversible
– Chronic not
* Most common damage is from alcohol

A

Chronic Pancreatitis

41
Q

_________________
* 4th leading cause of cancer death in US
* Very deadly cancer
– 5 year survival is 4-5%.
* Cause is unknown
– Rarely occurs under age 50
– Increased risk with
* Diabetes mellitus
* Chronic pancreatitis

A

Pancreatic Cancer

42
Q

Causes of Pancreatic Cancer
* Most common environmental factor is ___________
* The 2nd appears to be _____
– Increased total calorie intake
* High intake of fat, meat, salt, unhealthy foods

A

smoking

diet

43
Q

Bile is made up of:
– Bilirubin
– _____________
– Bile acids

A

Cholesterol

44
Q

___________________
– Formed by the union of the common
hepatic duct and the cystic duct

A

common bile duct

45
Q
  • The _______________
    – Extends to the gall bladder
A

cystic duct

Third Exam for Patho (16 decks)

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