Basic Processes

Question 1

elements vs molecules

Answer 1

elements = only one type of atom
molecules = can be multiple atoms

Question 2

role of H, K, Na, C, Ca, Fe

Answer 2

hydrogen = component of water and most body components
potassium, sodium, calcium = membrane function, nerve impulses, muscle contraction
carbon = in all organic compounds
iron = essential for oxygen transport and energy capture

Question 3

anions vs cations

Answer 3

anions = negative
cations = positive

Question 4

macromolecules

Answer 4

proteins (structure)
carbohydrates (storage)
lipids (messengers)
nucleic acids (control)

Question 5

pH and buffers

Answer 5

pH affects chemical nature and biological functions of substances
buffers help maintain pH

Question 6

cell

Answer 6

smallest living part of an organism

Question 7

cell membrane

Answer 7

selectively permeable, hydrophilic phosphate heads/hydrophobic lipid tails

Question 9

body cavities

Answer 9

cranial + vertebral = (dorsal)
thoracic
abdominal
pelvic
superior mediastinum
pericardial cavity

Question 10

anatomy / physiology

Answer 10

structure / function

Question 11

anatomical position

Answer 11

standing erect, head level, facing forward, hands at side, palms forward, legs parallel, feet flat

Question 12

supine / prone

Answer 12

facing up / down

Question 13

superior / inferior

Answer 13

closer to head / closer to feet

Question 14

anterior (ventral) / posterior (dorsal)

Answer 14

towards front / towards back

Question 15

medial / lateral

Answer 15

middle / far from midline

Question 16

proximal / distal

Answer 16

closer / further to limb attachment point

Question 17

superficial / deep

Answer 17

surface / centre

Question 18

valence electrons

Answer 18

outermost orbitals, form chemical bonds

Question 19

pH scale

Answer 19

0 (acidic) to 14 (alkaline/basic)
7 is neutral

Question 20

nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, chloroplasts

Answer 20

contains DNA/dictates function, synthesise proteins, passageway for transport, make ATP (cellular respiration), conduct photosynthesis

Question 21

cell membrane

Question 22

epithelial, nervous, muscle, connective

Answer 22

lining, communication, contraction, support

Question 23

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport

Answer 23

directly through, use of channel/carrier, water movement, use of ATP

Question 24

tonicity

Answer 24

hypertonic (crenation) higher concentration solute

isotonic (normal) equal concentration

hypotonic (haemolysis) lower concentration solute

Question 25

homeostasis

Answer 25

maintain stable internal environment, detect/process/respond, positive (enhance) and negative (opposite) feedback loops