Movement and Support Flashcards

1
Q

tendons, cartilage, ligaments

A

connects muscle to bone, connective tissue, bone connection and stability

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2
Q

axial/appendicular skeleton

A

skull, vertebrae, thoracic cage

upper/lower limbs

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3
Q

flat, long, sesamoid, short, irregular

A

protect organs, muscle attachment
levers
protect tendons
stability, limited motion
ligament attachment

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4
Q

long bone anatomy

A

diaphysis (shaft)
metaphysics (spongy join)
epiphysis (spongy ends)
red bone marrow (blood cell production)
yellow bone marrow (lipid storage)
articulate cartilage (protect bone ends)
periosteum (outside of bone)
endosteum (medullary cavity)

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5
Q

bone cells

A

osteogenic cells - produce osteoblasts
osteoblasts - build in/organic components
osteoclasts - break down bone
osteocytes - maintain matrix

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6
Q

spongy vs compact bone

A

both ideal for weight bearing

spongy requires less ATP to move, resists force from different angles (endosteum-cased lamallae struts with canaliculi openings)

compact resists compression (arranged in parallel osteon, found in diaphysis and epithets)

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7
Q

structurally classified joints

A

fibrous - no joint cavity
bony - complete fusion of bones
cartilaginous - no joint cavity (cartilage connections)
synovial - joint cavity for articulation

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8
Q

synovial joints

A

articular capsule - encloses cavity
synovial membrane - produces synovial fluid
articular cartilage - protects ends of bone
synovial fluid - lubrication, nutrients
ligaments - hold bones together
bursae - synovial fluid sacs

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9
Q

functionally classified joints

A

synarthrosis - immovable
amphiathrosis - slightly moveable
diathrosis - freely moveable

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10
Q

types of movement

A

extension/flexion - increase/decrease angle between bones

abduction/adduction - away/towards midline

circumduction - distal body part movement

rotation - bone revolves around axis

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11
Q

five main functions of muscles

A

movement, stability, tissue support, substance storage, heat generation

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12
Q

smooth muscle

A

walls of internal structures, involuntary, can divide and regenerate

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13
Q

cardiac muscle

A

only in heart, involuntary, autorhythmic, cannot divide or regenerate

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14
Q

skeletal muscle

A

most abundant, voluntary, only pulls bone, cannot divide but can repair

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15
Q

skeletal muscle organisation

A

muscle (organ)
fascicle (muscle fibres)
fibre (myocytes)
myofibril (contractile fibres)
myofilaments (actin, myosin, titin)

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16
Q

sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, transverse tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, sarcomere

A

cell membrane around myocyte
cytoplasm in muscle cells
conduct action potentials
store/release calcium
contraction site

17
Q

muscle contraction

A

myosin head is energised, calcium arrives in area
calcium binds to troponin and releases tropomyosin
myosin head forms cross bridge with actin
ADP+P is released and myosin pulls actin to centre (M line)
ATP attached to myosin, actin releases and exposes active sites
myosin reenergised, reconnects to actin, actin slides closer

18
Q

contraction summary

A

acetylcholine releases and binds to receptors (synaptic transmission)
action potential to t-tubule
sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium
active site exposed, connections formed
contraction cycle begins
acetylcholine esterase breaks down ACh
sarcoplasmic reticulum recaptures calcium
contraction ends
relaxation (passive return to rest)

19
Q

hypertonia, hypotonia, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy

A

stiff, trouble moving, spasms
floppy, trouble standing, instability
increased use and growth
increased number of cells
decreased use and size