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2nd shift lecs > Deodorants > Flashcards

Deodorants Flashcards

1
Q
  • Regulated by sympathetic nervous system
  • Body temperature regulator
  • Remove waste and toxic by-products from the body
  • Odorless, but bacterial and heat decomposition yields
    volatile by-products with unpleasant odor
A

Sweat

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2
Q

the 2 types of sweat glands are present at birth (t or f)

A

T

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3
Q
  • Simple, coiled tubular glands with duct that leads directly onto skin surface
  • Where antiperspirants take action
  • exist and function from birth
  • found all over the body
  • Controls body temperature and electrolyte balance
A

eccrine sweat glands

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4
Q
  • under psychological and thermal control
  • Secretion contains water, salts, amino acids, peptides,
    and electrolytic components (should be no odor at all)
  • Considered as true sweat gland
A

eccrine sweat glands

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5
Q
  • Limited to axilla, anus, and breast
  • Larger than eccrine glands
  • Ducts open into hair follicle duct
  • Exist at birth, but become functional at puberty
  • Triggered by emotions
  • Secretion is odorless and viscous
A

apocrine sweat glands

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6
Q
  • Topically-applied products designed to reduce or mask
    unpleasant body odors by re-odorization and/or antibacterial action
A

deodorants

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7
Q

deodorants cannot be used as anti-perspirants (t or f)

A

T

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8
Q
  • Topically-applied products designed to reduce underarm
    wetness by limiting body transpiration
A

ANTIPERSPIRANTS

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9
Q

Antiperspirants inhibit perspiration secreted by _________ usually by forming a temporary plug within the sweat
duct

A

eccrine glands

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10
Q
  • Excessive sweating
  • Profusion of sweat in the axillary sites palms, feet, face,
    trunk, or combination of these
  • Excessive sweat lead to unpleasant body odor that can
    adversely affect the person’s ability to attain a normal
    and healthy quality of life (QoL)
  • May require non-cosmetic antiperspirants
A

hyperhidrosis

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11
Q

REQUIRED PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

A
  • Neutral or pleasant odor
  • Easy to spread
  • Pleasant feeling during application
  • Well-tolerated and non-allergenic
  • Long-term deodorization
  • Quick-drying properties
  • Non-staining properties
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12
Q
  • ODOR MASKING
  • ODOR NEUTRALIZING
  • ODOR QUENCHING
  • ODOR ABSORBING/ADSORBING
  • ESTERASE INHIBITORS
  • ANTIMICROBIAL INGREDIENTS
  • ANTIPERSPIRANTS
A

Mechanisms of Action

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13
Q
  • Most common mechanism
  • Ingredients reduce the perception of odor through
    blending with underarm, odor, and masking it
  • Example: Fragrances
A

ODOR MASKING

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14
Q
  • Agents chemically neutralize odors compounds to yield
    odorless components
  • There is chemical reaction involved
    > Reaction between the neutralizing agent and
    odorous compound
    > Yield odorless component
A

ODOR NEUTRALIZING

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15
Q

ODOR NEUTRALIZING examples

A
  • Sodium bicarbonate
  • Potassium bicarbonate
  • Zinc carbonate
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16
Q
  • Ingredients bind to odorous chemicals and form complexes with these materials
  • EDTA is the most powerful chelating agent
  • chelation or sequestering
A

ODOR QUENCHING

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17
Q

ODOR QUENCHING examples

A
  • Zinc ricinoleate
  • Zinc oxide
  • Hydroxyapatite
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18
Q
  • Ingredients physically neutralize odorous molecules
    formed in the axilla via absorption or adsorption to
    decrease perceived odors
    > Bad odors are volatile
    > Physical neutralization thru abs/adsorption: Less volatility → Less perception of BO
A

ODOR ABSORBING/ADSORBING

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19
Q

ODOR ABSORBING/ADSORBING
examples

A
  • Resins
  • Silicates
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20
Q
  • Act by directly inhibiting enzymes of the underarm
    bacteria, or by shifting the pH optimal for the development of underarm odor (pH 6) to acidic range, which results in odor reduction
A

ESTERASE INHIBITORS

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21
Q

ESTERASE INHIBITORS examples

A
  • Zinc glycinate: Inhibits enzymes of bacteria
  • Citric acid derivatives: Lowers pH
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22
Q
  • Prevent underarm odor by inhibiting or deactivating the
    bacteria responsible for bad odor formation
    > Can help in deodorization
A

ANTIMICROBIAL INGREDIENTS

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23
Q

ANTIMICROBIAL INGREDIENTS

A
  • Ethanol
  • Triclosan
  • Sucrose monostearate
  • Essential oils like thyme and clove oil
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24
Q
  • Reversibly block sweat gland secretion by forming a
    temporary, gelatinous plug in the eccrine duct
  • Action is not permanent; we have to continuously apply
A

ANTIPERSPIRANTS

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25
Q
  • Aluminum chloride
  • Aluminum chlorohydrate
  • Aluminum sesquichlorohydrate
  • Aluminum sulfate
A

ANTIPERSPIRANTS: Aluminum-based agents

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26
Q
  • Buffered with glycine to stabilize them and mitigate acidic harshness resulting when applied to underarm axilla
  • Common agent that is used for antiperspirant: Tawas (aluminum-sulfate salts)
A

ANTIPERSPIRANTS: Aluminum-zirconium based agents

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27
Q

Types of DEODORANTS & ANTIPERSPIRANTS

A
  • roll ons
  • solid sticks
  • extrudable clear gels
  • extrudable soft solids
  • aerosols
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28
Q

types of roll-ons

A
  • Water-based
  • Hydroalcoholic
  • Silicone-based
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29
Q
  • Usually opaque O/W emulsions
    > cannot be water only because the active ingredient is not really water soluble
  • Based on non-ionic surfactants
  • Advantage: Less irritating than hydroalcoholic
    > can be used for sensitive skin
  • Disadvantage: Dries slower than hydroalcoholic
A

Water-based roll-ons

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30
Q
  • Have a shorter drying time
  • Offers a refreshing feeling on application
  • Contains only alcohol-soluble actives, usually thickened with hydrophilic polymer
  • Emollients and silicones can be incorporated with product emulsifiers
    > Emollients and silicones - moisture
    > Add emulsifiers because these two are not completely miscible with alcohol
A

Hydroalcoholic roll-ons

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31
Q
  • Can be formulated as anhydrous products
    > Actives are suspended in volatile silicone oils like cyclomethicone
  • May be thickened with non-surfactant suspending agents like quaternium-18 to minimize powder sedimentation
    > Cannot be a water-based thickening agent like polymers
    > Aluminum is thick, needs dispersion in a suspension
A

Silicone-based roll-ons

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32
Q

types of solid sticks

A
  • deodorant sticks
  • antiperspirant sticks
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33
Q
  • Based on sodium stearate as gelling agent
  • Deodorizing agents and fragrances are dissolved in hydrophilic vehicle based on water and propylene glycol
  • To make the formulation more transparent: Nonionic surfactants
A

Deodorant sticks

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34
Q

To make the formulation more transparent: Nonionic surfactants, like ________

A
  • PG-3 myristyl ether
  • Isosteareth-20
35
Q

to improve stability of deodorant sticks

A
  • Preservatives,
  • Antioxidants, and
  • Chelating agents
36
Q
  • Usually anhydrous suspension containing suspended antiperspirant actives in
    silicone-based vehicles
A

antiperspirant sticks

37
Q

antiperspirant sticks
- Quick-drying and dry skin feel

A
  • Cyclomethicone
  • Cyclopentasiloxane
38
Q

antiperspirant sticks
- Soft skin feel and glideability

A
  • Myristyl myristate
  • Octyldodecanol
39
Q

antiperspirant sticks
- Dispersing agents

A

PPG-4 butyl ether

40
Q

antiperspirant sticks
- Give structure to the stick and act as lubricant

A
  • Stearyl alcohol
  • Behenyl alcohol
  • Hydrogenated castor oil
41
Q

antiperspirant sticks
- Thickener

A
  • Quaternium-18 hectorite
42
Q

antiperspirant sticks
- Suspending agent

A
  • talc
  • silica
43
Q
  • W/Si emulsions that appear as transparent formulations
    which are often associated by consumers with a lack of
    white residue on the skin
    > If we have 2 phases, they become transparent
    when we match their refractive index
  • Antiperspirant actives dissolved in water
    > May also contain alcohol and humectants
  • Blend of cyclomethicone and dimethicone copolyol help
    disperse and solubilize actives
  • Special silicone blends are used to stabilize the emulsion
A

EXTRUDABLE CLEAR GELS

44
Q
  • Usually white anhydrous silicone suspensions pastes
  • Rub-in quickly, non-tacky, leave little residue on skin, and deliver high levels of antiperspirant protection
A

EXTRUDABLE SOFT SOLIDES

45
Q

EXTRUDABLE SOFT SOLIDES:
Powdered active is suspended in ______________________

A
  • Silicone (cyclopentasiloxane) and/or
  • Hydrocarbon (isohexadecane)
46
Q

EXTRUDABLE SOFT SOLIDES:
Paste is thickened with waxes like
______________________

A
  • C18-36 acid triglyceride and
  • Tribehenin
47
Q
  • Popular due to hygienic and easy-to-use product form
A

aerosols

48
Q
  • Contain a solution of deodorant ingredient blended with liquefied propellant
  • Provide a dry skin feeling as anhydrous formulations
A

Deodorant aerosols

49
Q

deodorant aerosols propellants

A

Propane, butane, and isobutane

50
Q
  • Anhydrous formulations wherein antiperspirant
    actives are suspended in the product
  • Vehicle consists of volatile silicone oils
  • Suspending agents are used to stabilize product
  • Usually shaken before use
A

Antiperspirant aerosols

51
Q

Antiperspirant aerosols:
suspending agents used to stabilize product

A
  • Stearalkonium bentonite
  • Hectorite
52
Q

Antiperspirants are generally insoluble in water (t or f)

A

F

53
Q

Aluminum powders tend to leave a visible white residue
on the skin or clothing when formulated into anhydrous
systems (t or f)

A

T

54
Q

Antiperspirants have an acidic pH (4.0 to 4.2) when dissolved in water (t or f)

A

T

55
Q

Antiperspirant aerosols contain actives in dissolved suspended state (t or f)

A

F

56
Q

Antiperspirants actives are insoluble in sweat (t or f)

A

F

57
Q

Antiperspirant actives are more readily available and effective in water-phase is the internal phase of emulsions (t or f)

A

F

58
Q
  • Shrinkage of Extrudable gel
  • Caking of aerosols
  • Valve clogging (For aerosols)
  • Staining and fabric
    damage (Yellow stain)
  • Poor pay-off (For sticks - Hard to apply or does not stick to skin)
A

quality problems

59
Q

Volatility of alcohol
in formulations

A

cause of Shrinkage of
Extrudable gel

60
Q

Addition of humectants to
reduce alcohol lost

A

remedy of Shrinkage of
Extrudable gel

61
Q

Settling of actives at
the bottom of the can

A

cause of Caking of aerosols

62
Q

Use of thickeners like bentonite

A

remedy of caking of aerosols

63
Q

Large particle sizes, High thickener concentrations, or Improper valve system

A

cause of Valve clogging
- For aerosols

64
Q

Use of silicone oils

A

remedy of valve clogging

65
Q

Build-up of aluminum salts from
the product, acidic pH of perspirants

A

cause of Staining and fabric damage
- Yellow stain

66
Q

Soaking in slightly alkaline solution
- Neutralize acid

A

remedy of staining and fabric damage

67
Q

Improper type and/or Insufficiently high concentration of hardening agents

A

cause of Poor pay-off
- For sticks
- Hard to apply or
does not stick to
skin

68
Q

Proper selection of ingredients

A

remedy of poor pay-off

69
Q
  • More on deodorants
  • Cultivation of selected bacteria on agar plates, and evaluation of microbial growth after incubation period
  • Not reliable to indicate true potential of formulation for
    malodor control
    > Antimicrobial action is being tested, not directly the reduction of malodor
A

IN VITRO MICROBIOLOGICAL TESTING

70
Q
  • Sensory assessment of body odor by expert sniffers
  • Intensity of body odor is evaluated while test subjects
    perform normal activities
A

IN VIVO SNIFF TEST

71
Q
  • Subjects use perfume-free, non-bacterial soap, with no antiperspirant for several days
A

IN VIVO SNIFF TEST: Preconditioning phase

72
Q

Use of test (left armpit) and control (right armpit) formulations for few days

A

IN VIVO SNIFF TEST: Testing phase

73
Q

Antiperspirant should meet:
>Minimum of 20% sweat reduction in at least
50% of test population for standard effectiveness OR
>Minimum of 30% sweat reduction in at least 50% of test population for extra effectiveness

A

SWEAT REDUCTION TEST FOR ANTIPERSPIRANTS

74
Q

Test subjects must produce
- at least 100 mg of sweat
- during 20 minutes
- in a controlled environment

A

SWEAT REDUCTION TEST FOR ANTIPERSPIRANTS

75
Q

SWEAT REDUCTION TEST FOR ANTIPERSPIRANTS (no. of days)

A

25 days

76
Q
  • no application of any products on the axillae
  • use of unscented mild soap provided by laboratory to daily clean armpits at home
A

Preconditioning period

77
Q

day 1 to day 17

A

Preconditioning period

78
Q

day 18

A

baseline

79
Q
  • section of volunteers having sufficient sweat rates and sweat odour intensity
A

baseline`

80
Q

day 19 to day 23

A

product application (5 days)

81
Q
  • 5 application: once a day
  • randomized balanced design: test product on one side/ placebo on the other side
A

product application (5 days)

82
Q

day 24

A

24 hours efficacy

83
Q
  • ambient conditions
  • sweat collection period (4hrs)
  • gavimetric and sweat odour intensity evaluation
  • statistical analysis
A

day 24 and day 25

84
Q

48 hours efficacy

A

day 25

2nd shift lecs (21 decks)

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