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RADT 255 Radiographic Pathology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what does the CNS consist of

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

number of cranial nerves in the peripheral nervous system

A

12 pairs

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3
Q

number of spinal nerves in the peripheral nervous system

A

31 pairs

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4
Q

which nervous system supplies striated skeletal muscles

A

somatic nervous system

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5
Q

nervous system that supply smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular epithelial tissue

A

autonomic nervous system

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6
Q

nerves that conduct impulses from peripheral receptors to the central nervous system

A

afferent nerves

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7
Q

nerves that conduct impulses from the central nervous system to the peripheral receptors

A

efferent nerves

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8
Q

basic unit of a nerve that consists of body and threadlike extensions

A

neuron

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9
Q

part of a neuron that leads away from cell body

A

axon

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10
Q

fatty covering of axon that helps transmissions

A

myelin sheath

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11
Q

when is deterioration of the myelin sheath seen causing interruptions of signals to the muscles and other parts of the body

A

multiple sclerosis

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12
Q

section of a neuron that leads toward cell body

A

dendrite

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13
Q

where do impulses pass from one neuron to another

A

synaptic junction (chemical reaction)

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14
Q

2 hemispheres of the cerebrum are separated by a thin membrane called

A

corpus callosum

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15
Q

elevations on the surface of the brain

A

gyri

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16
Q

grooves on the surface of the brain

A

sulci

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17
Q

deep grooves that divide the cerebrum into 2 halves

A

fissures

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18
Q

outer portion of the cerebrum

A

cortex

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19
Q

inner portion of the cerebrum

A

white matter

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20
Q

few islands of gray matter that control position and automatic movement in the cerebrum

A

basal ganglia

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21
Q

largest part of the brain that is divided into two hemispheres

A

cerebrum

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22
Q

part of the brain responsible for receiving sensory information from all parts of the body through specialized areas

A

cerebral cortex

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23
Q

which part of the cerebral cortex receives information that is visual

A

posterior

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24
Q

which part of the cerebral cortex receives information that is olfactory (smell) and auditory

A

lateral

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25
Q

which part of the cerebral cortex receives information that is motor related

A

anterior

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26
Q

section of the brain that triggers impulses that govern all motor activity

A

cerebral cortex

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27
Q

controls movement of muscles and speech (left side in a right handed person)

A

premotor cortex

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28
Q

maintains memory and creative thought

A

cerebral cortex

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29
Q

made of pons and medulla, located between the cerebrum and the spinal cord

A

midbrain (mesocephalon)

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30
Q

contains nuclei of 12 cranial nerves and is a vital center for cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory control

A

midbrain (mesocephalon)

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31
Q

controls vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping, and swallowing

A

medulla centers of midbrain

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32
Q

controls muscle movement, equilibrium, gait

A

cerebellum

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33
Q

lies between the cerebrum and midbrain, contains the thalamus and hypothalamus

A

dicenephalon

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34
Q

relay station that recieves and processes sensory information

A

thalamus

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35
Q

links mind and body, site of pleasure and reward, drives eating drinking and mating, coordinates ANS and secreting hormones from pituitary gland, maintains body temperature

A

hypothalamus

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36
Q

consists of inner core of gray matter and surrounded by white matter, conducts impulses from the brain to the rest of the body

A

spinal cord

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37
Q

bones that protect brain and spinal cord

A

skull and vertebra

38
Q

covering of brain and spinal cord

A

meninges

39
Q

innermost layer covering of brain and spinal cord

A

pia mater meninges

40
Q

tough outer layer covering of brain and spinal cord

A

dura mater meninges

41
Q

delicate layer covering between pia and dura mater

A

arachnoid membrain

42
Q

where does CSF travel

A

through 4 ventricles in brain to spinal cord

43
Q

an acute inflammation of the pia mater and arachnoid

A

memingitis

44
Q

how organisms enter to cause memingitis

A

enter through the middle ear, upper respiratory tract, or frontal sinuses

45
Q

some types of bacterial meningitis

A

haemophilus influenzae in neonates, meningiococci, pneumococci in adults

46
Q

some types of viral meningitis

A

mumps, poliovirus, herpes simplex

47
Q

may show arterial or venous vasculitis or thrombosis with infarction, hydrocephalus, thickening of arachnoid, subdural effusion, empyema or brain abcess

A

meningitis in CT or MRI

48
Q

characterized by diffuse brain swelling may symmetrically compress the lateral and third ventricles

A

meningitis

49
Q

viral inflammation of the brain and meninges characterized by mild headaches, fever, cerebral dysfunction, seizures, coma

A

encephalitis

50
Q

microorganisms such as bacteria or fungi lodge into gray matter and spread to white matter, causing

A

brain abscesses

51
Q

most common cause of brain abscesses

A

streptococci

52
Q

on CT or MRI, an abnormal density with poorly defined borders and a mass effect reflecting vascular congestion and edema

A

brain abscess

53
Q

make up 25% of intracranial infections, spread of infection from frontal and ethmoid sinuses, mastoiditis, middle ear infection, purulent meningitis, skull fractures, osteomyelitis of skull

A

subdural empyema

54
Q

shown on MRI as compression and displacement of the ipsalateral ventricular structures

A

subdural empyema

55
Q

infection between the cranial table and dura mater, stemming from osteomyelitis of the skull originating from ear or sinus infection

A

epidural empyema

56
Q

shown on CT as poorly defined area of low density adjacent to the inner table of the skull

A

epidural empyema

57
Q

pathology appears as multiple, small poorly defined lucencies that over time enlarge, caused by infections of the sinuses or scalp

A

osteomyelitis of the skull

58
Q

what percentage of CNS tumors are primary lesions

A

50%

59
Q

manifest as seizure disorders or gradual neurological deficits like difficulty speaking, slow comprehension, weakness, headache

A

tumors of the CNS

60
Q

most common primary malignant tumor of the brain

A

glioma

61
Q

benign tumor attached to dura mater arising from arachnoid lining cells, often found in the convexity of the calvaria, olfactory groove, tubercullum sellae, sylvian fissure or spinal canal

A

meningioma

62
Q

slow growing bening tumor arising from Schwann cells in the 8th cranial nerve (auditory), usually originates in the internal auditory canal

A

acoustic neuroma

63
Q

hypersecretion of ACTH causing gigantism in children

A

Cushings syndrome

64
Q

10% of all intracranial tumors that arise in the anterior lobe, cause gigantism

A

pituitary adenoma

65
Q

benign tumor containing cystic and solid matter originating from the sella turcica from embryonic remnants extending up into the 3rd ventricle

A

craniopharyngioma

66
Q

rapidly growing germ cell tumors predominantly in males under 25, most common type of germinomas and teratomas

A

pineal tumor

67
Q

tumor arising from notochord (embryonic neural tube) where the most common site is the clivus and lower lumbosacral region

A

chordoma

68
Q

most commonly lung and breat carcinomas that reach the brain through hematogenous spread

A

metastatic carcinoma

69
Q

caused by acute arterial bleeding (medial meningeal artery) and often over the patietotemporal convexity, rapidly causes neurologic deficits

A

epidural hematoma

70
Q

venous bleeding caused by a rupture between the dura and meninges, neurological symptoms will appear in minutes

A

subdural hematoma

71
Q

injury to the brain tissue by movement of the brain within the calvaria, most common in frontal region, patient loses consciousness and cannot remember traumatic event

A

cerebral contusion

72
Q

can result from trauma to intraparenchymal arteries, appears in CT as well circumscribed homogeneous areas surrounded by edema

A

intracranial hematoma

73
Q

occurs from injury to surface veins, cerebral parenchyma, or cortical arteries bleeding into the ventricular system

A

subarachnoid hematoma

74
Q

result from trauma to the neck such as gunshots or stabbings, associated with 50% of traumatic fistulas

A

carotid artery injury

75
Q

any process caused by an abnormality of the blood vessels or blood supply to the brain

A

vascular disease of CNS

76
Q

meaning of hemiplagia

A

paralysis of one side

77
Q

sudden and dramatic development in neurologic deficit, mild deficits to hemiplagia or coma

A

stroke syndrome

78
Q

focal neurological deficits result from emboli from arteriosclerotic, ulcerated plaque causing occlusion of cerebral arteries

A

transient ischemic attack

79
Q

people with TIAs have a 50% increase risk for

A

strokes

80
Q

results from hyeprtensive vascular disease or rupture of an aneurysm or arterialvenous malformation, hypertensive hemorrhage, causes oval or circular collections displacing surrounding brain tissue

A

intraparenchymal hemorrage (hemorrhagic stroke)

81
Q

rupture of berry aneurysm, cause excruciating headaches followed by unconsciousness

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

82
Q

most common demyelinating disorder, impairment of nerve conduction caused by degeneration of the myelin sheaths

A

multiple sclerosis

83
Q

brain impulses are temporarily disturbed resulting in a loss of consciousness for a few seconds to violent tremors, shaking and thrashing movements that can result in physical injuries

A

epilepsy / convulsive disorders

84
Q

generalized convulsions, foams at mouth, loss of control of urine and feces

A

grand mal

85
Q

pre-senile dementia, diffuse form of progressive cerebral atrophy, causes loss of memory, disorientation, confusion

A

Alzheimer’s disease

86
Q

inherited autosomal dominant condition, causes dementia with involuntary movements that are rapid, jerky, and continuous

A

Huntington’s disease

87
Q

progressive degenerative disease caused by an enzyme deficiency resulting in decreased dopamine production, characterized by stooping posture, stiffness, slowness of movement, fixed facial expressions, involuntary rhythmic tremors

A

Parkinson’s disease

88
Q

isolated atrophy of the brain resulting from degenerative disease, prolonged drug use, and long term use of antiseizure medication Dilantin

A

cerebellar atrophy

89
Q

relentlessly progressive condition of unknown cause, widespread atrophy and loss of motor cells leading to extensive paralysis, respiratory weakness, aspiration pneumonia and death

A

Lou Gehrig’s Disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)

90
Q

dilation of the ventricular system associated with intracranial pressure, attributable to papillomas, colloid cyst, suprasellar tumor, craniopharyngioma, or blockage of duct of Sylvius

A

hydrocephalus

91
Q

viral infection of upper respiratory tract that may lead to obstruction of drainage of the paranasal sinuses

A

sinusitis

RADT 255 Radiographic Pathology (15 decks)

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