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5.2.2 respiration > Exam Questions > Flashcards

Exam Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Name a nucleotide with a central role in energy metabolism in cells

A

-ATP

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2
Q

Name a type of respiratory enzyme that catalyses the removal of H ions from a substrate

A

-dehydrogenase

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3
Q

Describe the difference between lipids and proteins as respiratory substrates

A

-lipids have more energy
-lipids digest to glycerol whereas proteins digest to amino acids

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4
Q

Describe the difference between oxidative and substrate level phosphorylation

A

-oxidative happens on the inner membrane
-substrate takes place in the cytoplasm

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5
Q

State the stage where CO2 is produced

A

-krebs cycle

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6
Q

State the stage where oxygen is sued

A

-oxidative phosphorylation

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7
Q

Explain why respiration in animals can be reversed, but in yeast cells it cannot

A

-animals
-pyruvate is reduced to lactate
-can be reversed as no atoms are lost
-yeast
-pyruvate is converted to ethanal + CO2
-can’t be reversed as CO2 is lost to the air

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8
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

-cytoplasm

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9
Q

Describe the fate of pyruvate during anaerobic respiration in an animal cell and explain the importance of this reaction (5 marks)

A

-pyruvate is converted into lactate
-anaerobic requires NAD to be regenerated which allows glycolysis to continue
-pyruvate accepts H+ ions
-H from NADH is catalysed by lactate (dehydrogenase)
-there is no O to act as an acceptor

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10
Q

What type of reaction removes a phosphate group from an ATP molecule?

A

-hydrolysis

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11
Q

Explain the role of ATP in the cell with reference to its structure

A

-ATP releases energy for glycolysis
-phosphates can be removed by hydrolysis
-ATP can attach a phosphate during respiration

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12
Q

What process is carried out by the cristae?

A

-chemiosmosis

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13
Q

Outline the process of glycolysis (4 marks)

A

-glucose is converted into hexose phosphate by phosphorylation of glucose
-ATP converts this not x2 triose phosphate
-by dehydrogenation
-x2 NAD is reduced to NADH
-x2 ATP are used to convert TP into pyruvate
-net production of x2 ATP

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14
Q

Why does aerobic respiration yield fewer molecules of ATP than the theoretical maximum?

A

-uses ATP to actively transport pyruvate
-some ATP is used to transport H ions from NADH into mitochondrion

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15
Q

Explain why the incomplete breakdown of glucose in anaerobic respiration produces less ATP than aerobic respiration

A

-glycolysis converts glucose into pyruvate
-produces 2 molecules of ATP
-only substrate level phosphorylation occurs
-oxygen isn’t available as the final electron acceptor
-chemiosmosis doesn’t occur

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16
Q

Explain why overwatering plants can kill them (6 marks)

A

-aerobic - no oxygen = doesn’t occur
-no link reaction or krebs
-no oxygen as final hydrogen acceptor

-anaerobic - has to switch to it
-only glycolysis occurs
-pyruvate to ethanal to ethanol
-only 2 ATP

-ethanol is toxic + water can’t be absorbed
= less/no photosynthesis

17
Q

Give 2 structural features of mitochondria that support the endosymbiosis theory

A
  1. double membrane
  2. ribosomes
18
Q

Explain why early eukaryotes were able to grow more quickly than cells that didn’t possess mitochondria

A

-mitochondria provides ATP to carry out biological processes
-respire aerobically
-needed for active transport

19
Q

Describe 2 ways in which the structure of mitochondrial membranes is related to their function

A
  1. outer membrane = highly permeable = allows movement of substances
  2. electron carriers = chemiosmosis
20
Q

Describe the production of ATP by substrate level phosphorylation in different stages of respiration with reference to the number of ATP molecules produced

A

-glycolysis results in the net gain of 2 ATP via oxidation of TP
-when TP is converted to pyruvate
-krebs cycle produces 2 x ATP per glucose, 1 per cycle
-when 5C is converted into oxaloaectate

21
Q

Where does the link reaction take place?

A

-matrix

22
Q

Are NAD and FAD coenzymes?

A

-yes

23
Q

Summarise the importance of coenzymes in respiration (6 marks)

A

coenzyme A
-transfers acetate from link reaction to krebs cycle

ATP
-phosphorylation of glucose = biophosphate in glycolysis
-formation from substrate level phosphorylation

NAD
-oxidation of electrons
-reduction of electron transport chain
-reduction of pyruvate in lactate fermentation

FAD
-removal of H from intermediates in krebs cycle

24
Q

Explain how having a larger number of proton pores in the inner mitochondrial membrane would result in a person being less likely to gain weight (6 marks)

A

-results in protons leaking back into matrix
-reduces yield of ATP from chemiosmotic gradients
-less ATP is made from oxidative phosphorylation
-food not converted to ATP as efficiently
-less excess energy intake in diet
-less deposition of fat

25
Q

What properties of mitochondrial inner membrane allow chemiosmosis to occur?

A

-impermeable to H + ions
-large SA

26
Q

Describe 2 quantitative changes in the inter membrane space which occur as a result of oxidative phosphorylation

A
  1. pH decreases
  2. becomes more + charged
27
Q

Outline the processes involved in the generation of ATP through chemiosmosis (6 marks)

A

-occurs in mitochondria
-involves inner membrane and matrix
-use of ATP synthase
-H+ ions pumped out of matrix across membrane into inter membrane space
-H+ grad created
-H+ ions pass through hydrophilic transmembrane protein
-H+ ions move from area of high conc to low conc

28
Q

Outline how ATP is produced in mitochondria by chemiosmosis

A

-H+ flow down conc grad
-from inter membrane space to matrix through ATP synthase

29
Q

Suggest how sprinters can expend so much energy without needing to carry out aerobic respiration

A

-cells can tolerate high levels of lactate
-use of stored ATP

30
Q

What is the role of pyruvate in anaerobic respiration?

A

-H is removed from NADH

5.2.2 respiration (7 decks)

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