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Anatomy and Physiology > Exam 2 - Urinary System > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Four functions of urinary system

A
  1. Removes metabolic waste from blood
  2. Maintain normal level of fluid and electrolytes
  3. Regulates blood pressure
  4. Regulates red blood cell production
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2
Q

4 major organs of urinary system

A
  1. Kidneys
  2. Urinary bladder
  3. Ureters
  4. Urethra
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3
Q

Main 2 functions of kidneys and secondary 3 functions of kidneys

A

filtering blood and producing urine
maintain normal levels of fluids and electrolytes
regulate blood pressure
regulate blood cell production

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4
Q

Location of kidneys (quadrants)

A

RUQ and LUQ

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5
Q

where do kidneys get their blood supply from?

A

abdominal aorta via right and left renal arteries

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6
Q

where does blood leave the kidneys after filtration?

A

via right and left renal veins, drain into inferior vena cava (IVC)

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7
Q

what is the hollow chamber where blood vessels and ureters attach to the kidney?

A

renal sinus

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8
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidneys?

A

nephrons

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9
Q

what are the tubes that collect urine from nephrons?

A

collecting ducts

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10
Q

collecting ducts drain urine into cup-like structures called what?

A

calyxes

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11
Q

major calyxes in the kidney drain into what?

A

renal pelvis

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12
Q

how does the urine get from the nephron to the ureters? (5 steps)

A

nephron –> collecting duct –> calyxes –> renal pelvis –> ureter

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13
Q

two parts of a nephron

A

renal corpuscle and renal tubules

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14
Q

two parts of renal corpuscle

A
  1. glomerulus (blood vessels)
  2. glomerular capsule (surrounds blood vessels)
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15
Q

what is the part of the blood vessel that brings blood into glomerulus?

A

afferent arteriole

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16
Q

what is the part of the blood vessel that brings blood out of the glomerulus?

A

efferent arteriole

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17
Q

What are the steps of urine formation?

A
  1. Glomerulus filters blood
  2. Reabsorption in tubules
  3. Secretion in tubules
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18
Q

what is the name for the filtered material leaving the glomerulus?

A

filtrate

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19
Q

In reabsorption, where to substances move from and to?

A

tubules to blood vessels

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20
Q

In secretion, where to substances move from and to?

A

blood vessels to tubules

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21
Q

what two main factors influence glomerular filtration rate?

A
  1. blood pressure
  2. oncotic pressure
22
Q

how does blood pressure relate to filtration rate?

A

correlates

23
Q

in filtration, what substances can get filtered?

A

fluid and smaller substances (no blood cells or proteins)

24
Q

what is oncotic pressure (blood hydrostatic pressure)?

A

pressure generated by proteins that draws water in

25
Q

how does oncotic pressure relate to filtration rates?

A

opposes

26
Q

where is the Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?

A

between the afferent arteriole and distal tubule of nephron

27
Q

what are the two functions of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)?

A

regulates blood pressure
regulates levels of electrolytes

27
Q

how does the JMA regulate blood pressure?

A
  1. JMA sense change in blood pressure
  2. JMA produces renin
  3. Renin produces angiotensin 2
27
Q

what is the effect of angiotensin 2?

A
  1. vasoconstriction (blood pressure rises)
  2. stimulates adrenal gland to release aldosterone
28
Q

what does aldosterone do?

A

increases sodium levels in blood, decreases potassium levels in blood –> water absorption

29
Q

Renin converts the plasma protein _____ to _____

A

angiotensinogen; angiotensin

30
Q

outer layer of the kidney

A

renal cortex

31
Q

inner layer of the kidney

A

renal medulla

32
Q

renal ____ divide the renal medulla into renal ____

A

columns; pyramids

33
Q

what is the final draining point of the kidneys before the ureter?

A

renal pelvis

34
Q

what are the four main parts of a renal tubule?

A
  1. glomerular capsule
  2. proximal convoluted tubule
  3. nephron loop
  4. distal convoluted tubule
35
Q

nephrons loops have two limbs:

A

ascending and descending

36
Q

what part of a nephron is connected to the collecting duct?

A

distal convoluted tubule

37
Q

what is the main part of the renal corpuscle and what is it made of?

A

glomerulus; capillary clusters

38
Q

what are the three steps in glomerular filtration?

A
  1. blood enters glomerulus from afferent arteriole
  2. waste filters from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule via fenestrae
  3. filtrate moves from the capsule to the proximal convoluted tubule
39
Q

what are fenestrae?

A

openings that make glomerular capillaries more permeable

40
Q

the visceral layer of the glomerulus is made of ____ cells, which have foot-like processes that prevent large proteins from being filtered out of the blood

A

podocytes

41
Q

what part of the kidney regulates heart rate and thereby regulars GFR?

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

42
Q

When the afferent arteriole constricts, GFR ____. When the efferent does, GFR ____

A

decreases; increases

43
Q

what are the ureters’ three layers (coats) from deep to superficial?

A

mucous coat
muscular coat
fibrous coat

44
Q

what are the ureters’ mucous coats made of

A

transitional epithelium

45
Q

what are the four layers of the urinary bladder from deep to superficial?

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis
  4. serosa
46
Q

what is the muscularis layer of the urinary bladder made of?

A

detrusor muscle

47
Q

the floor of the bladder has the ____, which houses the openings for the ureters and urethra

A

trigone

48
Q

the base of the trigone has this sphincter

A

internal urethral

49
Q

what are the three walls of the urethra?

A

mucosa
muscularis
urethral glands (mucous into canal)

50
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology (31 decks)

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