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Pharmaceutics II Exam 2 > Part 2 > Flashcards

Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

if we need to reduce the size of the particles, what kind of agent do we use?
if the particle size does NOT need to be reduced, what kind of agent do we use?

A

particle size doesnt need to be reduced = wetting agent

needs to be reduced = levigating agent

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2
Q

name 2 things that affect the bioavailability of drugs from suspensions

A

-dispersed powder
-dispersed vehicles

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3
Q

name 4 ways in which the dispersed powder affects the bioavailability of drugs from suspensions

A

-particle size
-particle shape
-surface characteristics
-polymorphism

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4
Q

how can the dispersed vehicle affect the bioavailability

A

if the medium is too viscous, the powder will diffuse very slowly out of the medium.

therefore, we don’t want the viscosity too high - only 1-2% methylcellulose

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5
Q

true or false

a suspension with smooth surface particles will have higher bioavailability than rough surface particles

A

FALSE

rough particles will have higher bioavailability bc dissolution rate is higher

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6
Q

at the oil-water interface (in the cause of suspensions - particle - water interface), what exists?

A

an electrical double layer

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7
Q

what is “e”

A

energy potential on the particle surface. represents the energy that comes from the surfactant itself
(we don’t really measure this – we measure zeta)

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8
Q

what can you say about the charge of the bulk solution in a suspension

A

it is electrically NEUTRAL

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9
Q

at a position very close to a solid particle in a suspension, is the zeta potential high or low?

A

very high. as you move further away from the particle and approach the bulk solution, the zeta potential decreases exponentially

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10
Q

2 particles are very far away from each other. as 1 particle approaches the other, does the zeta potential increase or decrease?

A

increase

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11
Q

particles with a very large contact angle are hydrophobic or hydrophilic

A

hydrophobic

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12
Q

the function of a wetting agent is to get rid of the air above the solid particles.

how is this helpful in a suspension?

A

helps the particles disperse in the medium

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13
Q

true or false

if a wetting agent is used, a levigating agent is not needed

A

true

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14
Q

zeta potential measures what part of a suspension

A

the mobile or diffuse portion of the double layer

(Fixed layer = around the solid particle)

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15
Q

define gels

A

gels are semisolid systems consisting of either –

-suspensions made of inorganic particles
-large organic molecules

interpenetrated by a liquid

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16
Q

name 4 advantages of gels

A

-semisolid
-easy to apply and remove
-high degree of clarity
-compared to ointments and creams, they have fast release of drug

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17
Q

which have faster release of drug – ointments/creams or gels?

A

gels have faster drug release

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18
Q

give an example of a gel and explain it in detail

A

Aluminum Hydroxide Gel, USP (BASIC)

it is an aqueous suspension of gelatinous precipitate (made of insoluble aluminum hydroxide and hydrated aluminum hydroxide, equivalent to about 4% aluminum oxide

neutralizes a portion of gastric HCl and is used to treat hyperacidity and peptic ulcers.

-this will remain in the stomach for local effects while a tablet would go to the small intestine

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19
Q

true or false

Aluminum Hydroxide, USP is an acidic drug

A

FALSE - basic. that’s how it can neutralize stomach acid

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20
Q

how can gels be classified

A

4 types:

-inorganic
-organic
-hydrogels
-organogels

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21
Q

true or false

inorganic gels are typically single-phase systems and organic gels are typically two-phase sytems

A

FALSE

inorganic gels are typically 2-phase

organic gels are typically single-phase

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22
Q

give 2 examples of inorganic gels

A

aluminum hydroxide gel
bentonite magma

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23
Q

gave 2 examples of organic gels

A

carbopol
tragacanth

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24
Q

explain what Carbopol is

A

frequently used in research

an organic, single phase system.
USED TO INCREASE THE VISCOSITY OF THE DISPERSED MEDIUM. the drug will dissolve in the water and then that water will integrate into the Carbopol structure

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25
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

tragacanth forms an inorganic gel

A

false - organic

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26
Q

name 3 classes of hydrogels

A

-organic hydrogels
-natural and synthetic gums
-inorganic hydrogels

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27
Q

give 2 examples of organic hydrogels

A

pectin paste, tragacanth jelly

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28
Q

give 3 examples of natural and synthetic gums.

what class of gel do they form?

A

methylcellulose, sodium carboxy methylcellulose, Pluronic

hydrogels

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29
Q

give 3 examples of inorganic hydrogels

A

bentonite gel (10-25%)
veegum
silica

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30
Q

name 6 types of organogels

A

hydrocarbon type
animal, vegetable fats
soap base greases
hydrophilic organogels
polar
nonionic

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31
Q

give 2 examples of hydrocarbon type organogels

A

petrolatum
mineral oil/polyethylene gel (Plastibase)

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32
Q

what is Plastibase

A

a hydrocarbon type organogel made of mineral oil/polyethylene gel

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33
Q

give 2 examples of organogels that are made of animal/vegetable fats

A

lard, cocoa butter

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34
Q

give an example of soap base greases that is an organogel

A

aluminum stearate with mineral oil gel

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35
Q

carbowax bases form what kind of gel?

A

hydrophilic organogels
(PEG ointment)

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36
Q

carbowax ointment =…..

A

PEG ointment (hydrophilic organogel)

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37
Q

which type of gel has a high concentration of suspending agent?

A

hydrogels

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38
Q

what do gelling agents do?

A

when placed into water, they will form a gel

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39
Q

“bases of this class include organic and inorganic ingredients that are colloidally dispersable or soluble in water”

A

hydrogels

40
Q

true or false

magmas do not need a suspending agent

A

TRUE

41
Q

define magmas

A

an aqueous suspension of insoluble inorganic drugs. thick and viscous and does NOT need a suspending agent

42
Q

explain how magmas are prepared

A

by freshly precipitating the dispersed phase in order to achieve a fine degree of subdivision of the particles and a gelatinous character (viscous) to those particles.

relies on the swelling properties of the excipients. takes ~24 hours.

can use a mixer to speed up, but there’s not enough time for it to swell. acceptable, but not as acceptable

43
Q

give 2 examples of magmas

A

bentonite magma, NF

milk of magnesia

44
Q

explain what Bentonite Magma, NF is and what it’s used for

A

a preparation of 5% bentonite, a native colloidal hydrated aluminum silicate, in purified water

it is used as a suspending agent and vehicle for drug

it is a magma

45
Q

explain what milk of magnesia is and what it’s used for

A

a preparation containing magnesium hydroxide (base)

a dose of 5mL will neutralize ~10mEq of stomach acid

stored in a TIGHT CONTAINER 0-35 degrees celsius

like Aluminum Hydroxide Gel - it will remain in the stomach for a long time

46
Q

what is a side effect from taking too much milk of magnesia?

A

too much magnesium hydroxide will cause diarrhea

47
Q

rank the following according to viscosity:

-gel
-suspension
-magma

A

least viscous = suspension

middle = gel

most viscous = magma

48
Q

what is a side effect from too much aluminum hydroxide

A

constipation

49
Q

since the side effect of excess aluminum hydroxide is constipation and too much magnesium hydroxide is diarrhea, what is the solution to this?

A

a mixture of the 2 to neutralize stomach acid to lessen any potential side effects

50
Q

true or false

lotions can be used both orally and topically

A

FALSE – only topical

51
Q

give the definition of lotions

A

either liquid or semisolid preparations which contain 1 or more active ingredients in an appropriate vehicle(s)

they are usually suspensions of finely divided solids in an aqueous medium – but the particles should be so small that we can’t see or feel them

52
Q

explain how lotions are intended to be applied

A

to unbroken skin without friction

53
Q

name the types of excipients that are included in lotions

A

-dispersing agent
-cooling agent
-protecting and hydrating agent

54
Q

as mentioned, the excipients included in lotions are a dispersing agent, cooling agent, and a protecting/hydrating agent

give examples of each

A

dispersing agent = bentonite, methylcellulose

cooling agent = alcohol

protecting/hydrating agent = glycerin

55
Q

solid particles require ___ to be dispersed in the dispersion medium

if LIQUID, _____ needed to be dispersed

explain how this applies to lotions

A

wetting agent

if liquid, needs emulsifying agent

since lotions can be liquid in liquid OR solid in liquid, we just term it as needing a “dispersing agent”

56
Q

true or false

bentonite magma can be used as a suspending agent in lotions

A

true

57
Q

explain how glycerin works in a lotion

A

as a protecting and hydrating agent.
keeps the moisture in the product (humectant) AND on the skin, since the alcohol included in the lotion (for cooling effect) will extract the water out of the skin

58
Q

give an example of a commercially available lotion

A

calamine lotion

59
Q

when applying a lotion, you feel grittiness on your skin.

this indicates an error with the addition of which agent?

A

wetting agent.
function of wetting agent is to keep the particle size very small, and if roughness is being felt the size is not as small as it should be

60
Q

give the definition of pharmaceutical aerosols

A

a pressurized dosage form containing 1 or more active ingredients which upon actuation emits a fine dispersion of liquid and/or solid materials in a gaseous medium

61
Q

in aerosols, what is the dispersed phase and what is the medium?

A

the dispersed phase can either be fine liquid or fine solid

the dispersed medium is GAS

62
Q

how many types of pharmaceutical aerosols are there?
name them

A

-inhalation
-nasal
-lingual
-topical
-vaginal and rectal

63
Q

which type of aerosol contains MDIs?
(METERED DOSE INHALERS)

A

inhalation aerosols

64
Q

of the types of inhalation aerosols, which has a similar onset time to IV

A

lingual aerosols

65
Q

name 5 major advantages of pharmaceutical aerosols

A

easily withdrawn without contamination
protection of medicinal agents
no touching the affected area
controlled dosing
clean application

66
Q

explain how being “easily withdrawn without contamination” is an advantage of pharmaceutical aerosols

A

we touch capsules/tablets, but we dont touch the mist that comes from an aerosol

67
Q

explain how “protection of medicinal agents” is a major advantage of pharmaceutical aerosols

A

the entire aerosol dosage form is sealed from the environment

68
Q

true or false

a major disadvantage of the aerosol dosage form is that there are more in number and more severe side effects than the oral or parenteral routes

A

FALSE

there are fewer and less severe side effects for the aerosol dosage form than for oral and parenteral, and this is an advantage for the aerosol dosage form

69
Q

name 2 disadvantages of the aerosol dosage form

A

-difficulties in dosage estimation and reproducibility

-difficulties in coordinating hand action and breathing with MDIs

70
Q

explain the proper storage and administration of pharmaceutical aerosols

A

store between 15-30 degrees celsius (59-86 degrees F)

shake before use, hold at the proper angle and/or distance from the target

71
Q

explain temperature limitations of pharmaceutical aerosols

A

it cannot be stored at very high temperatures. this will cause a buildup of pressure and could cause explosion

72
Q

why do pharmaceutical aerosols need to be shaken before use?

A

there are 2 systems contained in an aerosol.
thus, we want to shake before use to determine homogeneity between the phases

73
Q

where is the usual site of action for the aerosol dosage form? what advantage follows with this?

A

the usual site of action is LOCAL (the lungs)
therefore, an advantage of the aerosol dosage form is that it requires smaller doses than for those dosage forms that require systemic treatment.
there is no absorption mechnism

74
Q

true or false

for the aerosol dosage form, there is rapid onset of drug action

A

TRUE

this is because the drug is at the usual site of action (lungs) right away

75
Q

the aerosol dosage form has targeted delivery to ______

A

respiratory

76
Q

true or false

the aerosol dosage form is painless and relatively convenient

A

true

77
Q

what particular feature of the metered dose inhaler keeps the dose constant?

A

the metering valve

78
Q

solid in solid

A

paste

79
Q

solid in liquid

A

magma
suspension
lotion

80
Q

solid in gas

A

solid aerosols (smoke, dust)

81
Q

liquid in solid

A

absorption bases, emulsion bases, butter

82
Q

liquid in liquid

A

emulsion
lotion

83
Q

liquid in gas

A

liquid aerosols -
mist, fog, nasal sprays

84
Q

gas in solid

A

solid foams

85
Q

gas in gas

A

NO COLLOIDAL DISPERSIONS

86
Q

gas in liquid

A

foams, carbonated beverages

87
Q

what are the 2 “key words” for aerosol delivery?

A

penetration and deposition

88
Q

true or false

stability is a concern for every dosage form

A

true

89
Q

name 4 classes of drugs for the aerosol dosage form

A

bronchodilators
decongestants
mucus-controlling
anti-inflammatory

90
Q

for penetration into the DEEP LUNGS, what must the size range of the droplets/particles be?

A

1-5 micrometers

91
Q

for the upper lungs, what size of the droplets/particles is needed for penetration?

A

5-10 micrometers

92
Q

in the NOSE any particle/droplet greater than __ is removed

in the MOUTH, any particle/droplet greater than ____ is removed

A

nose - anything greater than 10 micrometers

mouth - anything greater than 15 micrometers

93
Q

true or false

particle size is related to deposition

A

FALSE – penetration

94
Q

which has longer duration and why - solid aerosols or liquid aerosols?

A

solid aerosols have longer duration because they have better deposition and aren’t removed when we breathe in and out.

they are deposited and slowly dissolved and thus have a longer duration of action

95
Q

we want most drugs to have an effect in the upper or deep lungs? what does this mean?

A

deep lungs
therefore, particle size must be 1-5 micrometers (last 5-6 gen)

for upper lungs = 5-10 micrometers (1st 6 generations)

96
Q

what is intal

A

an aerosol containing lactose (30-60 micrometers) and cromolyn sodium (2-6 micrometers)

97
Q
A

Pharmaceutics II Exam 2 (7 decks)

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