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Geography Weston = Global Systems And Governance 🌍 > Global Commons + Antarctica > Flashcards

Global Commons + Antarctica Flashcards

1
Q

How much of earths surface is divided into soveign states

A

1/3

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2
Q

What are 4 global commons

A

Ocean
Atmosphere
Northern and southern polar regions
Outer space

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3
Q

What is the tradgeyof commons

A

Countries feelings they can exploit the global commons without dealing with the consequences

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4
Q

Pressures on the commons (5)

A

Tragedy of the commons
Industrialisation + development
New technology = accessible
Overfishing
Atmospheric pollution - CO2

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5
Q

Who wants global commons protected

A

WWF

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6
Q

What is the name of treaty and its aims - sea (2)

A

High seas treaty
Aims to put 30% of seas into protected areas by 2030

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7
Q

What % of worlds marine species were at risk of distinction

A

10%

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8
Q

High seas treaty = limits on what (3)

A

How much fishing
Routes of shipping lanes
Exploration activities e.g. deep sea mining

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9
Q

Antarctica physical geography (3)

A

Contains 90% of all ice on Earth + 70% of the Earth’s fresh water
99% land area covered by ice
It has no native (indigenous) population

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10
Q

Climate of Antarctica (3)

A

Coldest
Driest
Windiest

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11
Q

Avergae temp of Antarctica

A

-49°C

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12
Q

Percipitation in Antarctica (2)

A

200mm
Interior = 166mm

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13
Q

What is the Atlantic Convergence

A

A natural boundary in the Southern Ocean where cold Antarctic water meets the warmer water to the north
The mixing and upwelling of water creates this

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14
Q

4 main threats to Antarctica (4)

A

CC
Fishing + whaling
Minerals
Tourism and research

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15
Q

How much have temps risen in past 50y

A

3°C

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16
Q

How much have global sea levels risen becuase of melting sea ice

A

3mm a year since 1990

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17
Q

How does CC effect penguins

A

Adelie have declined and chinstraps are more adaptive

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18
Q

What wiped out in Antarctica by 1800

A

Fur seals of South Georgia – later South Shetland Isles

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19
Q

How does overfishing effect ecosystems (2)

A

Antarctic Krill are the most fished creature and in 2013 = 200 000 tonnes were fished
Knock-on-effect on larger fish, marine mammals and birds

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20
Q

Why don’t legal limits help fishing

A

Not easy to monitor

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21
Q

When + why whaling decline

A

1982 international whaling commission banned all commercial whaling

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22
Q

What country has started whaling

A

Japan

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23
Q

Which mineral deposits (3)

A

Coal
Oil
Gold + silver

24
Q

Pro elms with mining in A (3)

A

Not easy to reach
Not economically viable
Would have to overcome hostile environment

25
Q

What prohibits mining in A

A

Protocol on environmental protection to Antarctica treaty

26
Q

Why transport occur in. A

A

Advances in transport, technology and transport

27
Q

Attractions in A (3)

A

Physical isolation
Unspoilt landscapes
Remarkable wildlife

28
Q

How many visitors a year

A

75000

29
Q

Negatives of tourism (4+)

A

Breeding happens during peak thrust time nov-march = can disturb breeding colonies of birds
Tourism increases shipping and air travel which leads to water and air pollution
Accidental introduction of invasive species
Risk of boats grounding/hitting icebergs = November 2007 cruise ship struck ice and sank

30
Q

What invasive species bought to A

A

Mediterranean mussels = these may alter food webs and ecosystems

31
Q

Evidence tourism is ok (3)

A

Tour operators can only reach a small portion of Antarctica’s land and ice shelf
Only 10 out of 200 landing sites show signs of wear and tear
Tourism is financially exclusive = visitors tend to be responsible, well-educated and environmentally aware

32
Q

Antarctica treaty system - tourism (3)

A

one ship at a time landing
Limiting number of tourists ashore and time ashore
Toilet waste is barrelled and transported home

33
Q

How many scientists? How many stations? What do they do? (2/4)

A

4 000
50 stations Fund climatic + meteorological + biological geophysical and oceanographic research

34
Q

List 2 issues linked to the research (2)

A

The works requires lots of facilities = roads + bases + places to store fuel
Until 1980s waste was burned, thrown into sea or dumped

35
Q

What does the research show? Links to Water and Carbon Cycles (2)

A

Antarctic research has provided the clearest link between levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and global surface temperatures
Ice core drilling gives information about past climatic conditions which can be revealed and interpreted

36
Q

Is Antarctica a nation state

A

No

37
Q

How many countries have territorial claim

A

7

38
Q

ATS how many + when

A

1950
56

39
Q

3 rules of ATS (3++)

A

Antarctica should only be used for peaceful reasons = no army bases or weapons
Countries should cooperate on scientific research = share plans, researchers and results
Should remain in the global commons = individual countries cannot make a claim to it

40
Q

Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty - when + other name + what (3)

A

1991
Madrid protocol
To protect the fragile environment

41
Q

Rules of Madrid P. (4)

A

Protects plants, animals, regulates waste disposal and prevents pollution

42
Q

Countries have to reach a consensus over all decisions - Madrid P. = impact

A

Tackling problems = slow + difficult

43
Q

When is Madrid P done

A

2048

44
Q

United National Environment Programme - what

A

The main institution governing the world’s environment

45
Q

What is CCAMLR + limits (3)

A

Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
Individual countries protect their own interests
Took 5 years for it to negotiate the creation of a marine protected area in the Ross Sea

46
Q

International whaling commission when did it set up what + what + bad

A

Regulating whaling at a sustainable level
Set up Southern Ocean whale sanctuary in 1994
Not monitoring number of whales properly

47
Q

Whaling moratorium when did it ban whaling globally

A

1982

48
Q

failure of moratorium (2+)

A

Greenpeace = the Whaling Moratorium is poorly enforced
Countries like Japan have continued to kill large numbers of Antarctic whales for ‘scientific research’ despite the ruling

49
Q

Success of moratorium

A

Whale pop in Antarctica have increased

50
Q

Good about NGOs in. A

A

They don’t act on behalf of a country
So can call international attention to any countries that are not keeping to the laws governing Antarctica

51
Q

The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition ASOC - when, by who and why

A

1978
Group of NGOs who were concerned that countries were planning to make it legal to search for oil, gas and minerals in A

52
Q

ASOC successful (3+)

A

It monitors environmental changes in Antarctica
Checks if countries are sticking to the rules
Example = protecting the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary from attempts to re-establish commercial whaling and ensuring that krill populations are sustainable

53
Q

How does ASOC MONITOR CC (2)

A

Checks melting ice, and sea levels
It campaigns with other NGOs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

54
Q

Limitations of governance in A (2)

A

Decision making within the ATS can be problematic = if a country feels strongly about an issue, it can stop a resolution from going forward
No legal penalties for violating agreement

55
Q

Successes of governance in. A (3+)

A

Not had to have a review conference in 50 years
All have enjoyed peaceful cooperation + freedom of research contributing significantly to the protect of the global environment and our knowledge of our earth
ATS = one of the most successful sets of international agreements showing peaceful cooperation

56
Q

How does monitoring CC effect daily life (3)

A

Using renewable energy sources, conserving electricity, using cars less

57
Q

What does governance of Antarctica allow (2)

A

Greater scientific exploration
Tourists to visit safely and securely

Geography Weston = Global Systems And Governance 🌍 (9 decks)

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