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PSY100 > Chapter 12: Personality and the Self > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Personality and the Self Flashcards

The individual mind

1
Q

General intelligence

A

The idea that one general factor underlies all mental abilities

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2
Q

Stanovich’s notion of dysrationalia

A

The ability to think and behave rationally despite having adequate intelligence

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3
Q

Cognitive miserliness

A

We don’t have the time or the ability/motivation to think really carefully and deeply about every question that we get

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4
Q

Mindware gap

A

Lack of knowledge about scientific reasoning, probabilities, etc

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5
Q

Someone with a mindware gap might get tricked by

A

Large numbers

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6
Q

What are the three components of the triarchic theory of intelligence?

A

Analytical, creative, practical

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7
Q

What does successful intelligence involve?

A

Using creative, analytical, and practical components of intelligence across different circumstances

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8
Q

What did Howard Gardner propose?

A

A theory of multiple intelligences

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9
Q

What is the theory of multiple intelligences

A

The idea that people can show different skills in a variety of different domains

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10
Q

Learning styles theory

A

Is not supported by scientific evidence

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11
Q

Carol Dweck’s theory

A

Mindset theory

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12
Q

Incremental theory is also known as

A

Growth mindset

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13
Q

Students primed with an incremental theory of intelligence were protected from

A

The negative effects of failure

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14
Q

Personality

A

The characteristic thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviors that are relatively stable in an individual over time and across circumstances

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15
Q

How does incremental theory serve as a buffer?

A

It protects people from the negative effects of academic failure, for example

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16
Q

Behaviorist approach to psychology

A

Emphasized learning as an important influence on personality development, expected a change in personalities over time

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17
Q

Response tendencies, compared to personality traits, are what?

A

More flexible and subject to change

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18
Q

Because learning is a lifetime process, behaviorists expected to see

A

Changes in personality over time

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19
Q

According to BF Skinner, the principles of operant conditioning would lead to

A

The development of stable “response tendencies” that might appear to others as traits

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20
Q

George believes that humans are unique and that human nature is basically good. He likely would take what approach to assessing personality?

A

Humanistic approach

21
Q

Describe Carl Rogers’ approach to psychology

A

Humanistic

22
Q

What are the two historical approaches to psychology?

A

Classic behaviorist and psychodynamic

23
Q

One of the earliest efforts to identify personality traits

A

The selection of 4500 words that described observable traits out of a dictionary

24
Q

Common theme found in the work of early trait theorists

A

Relatively few traits are required to describe and predict an individual’s behavior

25
Q

Big Five Theory

A

trait theory that identifies five main characteristics that account for most individual differences in personality

26
Q

5 traits

A

openness (to experience), conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

27
Q

The trait approach is descriptive or explanatory?

A

Descriptive

28
Q

True or false: there is evidence that the Big Five represents individuals across cultures

A

True

29
Q

In a large-scale study done by Gerlach, which took personality data from 1.5 M participants, how many distinct personality types were there?

A

4

30
Q

True or false: neuroticism tends to decrease as people age

A

True

31
Q

What is one of the major problems with the MBTI?

A

It relies on binaries, and doesn’t have test-retest reliability

32
Q

What is a limit of the general trait approach?

A

Research shows that situations could exert a stronger influence on people’s behavior than any individual predispositions

33
Q

Kurt Lewin argued

A

That a person’s behavior is a function of the person and the person’s environment

34
Q

What led to the development of social-cognitive learning theories?

A

Personality is important in social contexts, where behavior is shaped and rewarded by interactions with other people

35
Q

Walter Mischel argued that

A

Trait theories could not explain the variation in an individual’s behavior across situations

36
Q

Albert Bandura’s ideas about reciprocal determinism and self-efficacy

A

Believed that the observation of others’ behavior played an important role in the development of personality

37
Q

Self-efficacy is determined by what factors?

A

1) performance experience
2) vicarious experience
3) social persuasion (coaching and receiving feedback)
4) imaginal experience
5) physical and emotional states

38
Q

What are the two approaches used to assess personality?

A

Idiographic and nomothetic approaches

39
Q

Idiographic approaches

A

Come from the humanist perspective, where personality is assessed using a person-centered approach. Emphasizes the uniqueness of the individual

40
Q

Nomothetic approach to assessing personality

A

Emphasizes sharedness of common traits, assume that all people can be described or categorized using the same system

41
Q

What are two examples of measures that use the nomothetic approach?

A

Projective and objective measures

42
Q

MMPI

A

Test that compares the responses of typical people with those hospitalized for a psychological disorder

43
Q

NEO-PI-R

A

Objective test featuring personality characteristics, assesses the Big Five traits

44
Q

Self-reports can be influenced by

A

A person’s need to appear socially appropriate

45
Q

Hermann Rorschach

A

Developed the inkblot test

46
Q

Personality inventory

A

An objective test, often using numbered scales or multiple choice, used to assess personality

47
Q

Research suggests that people depict

A

real versions of themselves on Facebook

48
Q

The Myer-Briggs Type Indicator is questionable in terms of

A

validity and reliability

PSY100 (13 decks)

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