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Science Revision > Stuff from chem revision booklet > Flashcards

Stuff from chem revision booklet Flashcards

1
Q

equation for rate of reaction

A

rate of reaction = change in amount of a reactant or product/time
or
number of successful collisions / time

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2
Q

ways to measure how long it takes for a reaction to finish

A

how long it takes for…
cross to dissapear (solid sulfur precipitate)
magnesium piece to dissapear
how long it takes to produce a certain amount of gas (?)

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3
Q

if the reaction is exothermic, will the triangle H have a negative sign?

A

yess

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4
Q

advantages and disadvantages of ethene route to alcohol

A

fast, efficient, continuous process,relatively pure product
non renewable finite resource

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5
Q

disadvantages and advantages of fermentation

A

cheap and renewable resource (eg sugar cane)
slow reaction, poor quality products- eg low aqueous concentration <14%

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6
Q

industrial formation of ethanol

A

made from ethene and steam
high temp, high pressure and phosphoric acid catalyst needed
ethene combines with steam to make ethanol which is used as a solvent

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7
Q

process of fermentation

A

sugar solution, eg grape juice, mixed w/ yeast + warmed slightly
airlock keeps air out
yeast respires anaerobically, releasing enzymes to catalyse the breakdown
C6H12O6 -> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

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8
Q

what is polypropene used for

A

for plastic crates and ropes, as it is stronger and less flexible than polyehtene

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9
Q

what is polyethene used for

A

plastic bags and plastic bottles- forms a thin, flexible, transparent film

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10
Q

what is polytetrafluorene used for

A

non stick pans

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11
Q

what is PVC used for

A

drain pipes and insultion on electric cables since it is strong, not flexible and doesn’t conduct electricity

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12
Q

how do you calculate RF value

A

distance travelled by component/ distance travelledby solvent

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13
Q

substance + oxygen ->

A

oxide

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14
Q

metal + water ->

A

metal hydroxide + hydrogen

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15
Q

metal + acid->

A

salt+hydrogen

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16
Q

oxide + acid ->

A

salt+water

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17
Q

hydroxide+acid->

A

salt+water

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18
Q

carbonate+acid->

A

salt+water+co2

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19
Q

hydrogencarbonate+acid->

A

salt+water+co2

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20
Q

ammonia+acid->

A

ammonium salt

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21
Q

metal carbonate->

A

metal oxide+co2

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22
Q

precautions for toxic substances

A

wear gloves
if gas, use fume cupboard/well ventilated lab

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23
Q

precautions for corrosize substances

A

wear gloves to prevent burns

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24
Q

precautions for harmful substances

A

wash hands if spilt

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25
Q

precautions for irritant substances

A

wear gloves or wash hands if spilt

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26
Q

precautions for flammable substances

A

keep away from naked flames

27
Q

precautions for oxidising agents

A

do not mix with easily flammable substances

28
Q

what is an oxidising agent?

A

allows other substances to burn well, will oxidise other substances

29
Q

precautions for explosive substances

A

do not use

30
Q

example of an explosive substance

A

caesium

31
Q

precautions for environment damaging substances

A

do not flush down sink
put waste in a container to be disposed of professionally

32
Q

name two flammable gases

A

hydrogen and methane

33
Q

hydrogen and methane are…

A

flammable gases

34
Q

When concentrated, acids and alkalis…

A

corrosize and can chemically burn skin

35
Q

halogens such as chlorine are…

A

toxic
their vapours are poisonous

36
Q

organic chemicals like ethanol are..

A

flammable, should be kept away from naked flames

37
Q

what did JJ thompson do?

A

passed electricity thru low pressure gas tube
neg electrode emitted beam of neg charged particles.
realised they must’ve come from inside the atom
possible bc electricity

38
Q

when did JJ thompson discover electrons?

A

late 1800s

39
Q

when was the existance of the neutron confirmed?

A

1932

40
Q

who confirmed the existance of the neutron?

A

james chadwick

41
Q

what did james chadwick do?

A

confirm existance of neutron in 1932

42
Q

relative mass of an electron?

A

1/1860

43
Q

what happened in 1911?

A

rutherford concluded positive stuff in atoms must be concentrated in a very small nucleus
discovery possible due to radioactivity

44
Q

who first suggested that things were made of atoms?

A

democritus
ancient greek times

45
Q

what did john dalton propose?

A

matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms
atoms of a similar element are alike in shape, size and weight but differ from other elements
during chemical changes atoms of different elements unite forming molecules
when atoms combine they do so in definite whole number ratios

46
Q

when was john dalton?

A

early 1800s

47
Q

what is ionic bonding?

A

complete transfer of one or more electrons from metal to non metal, giving charged ions that electrostatically attract

48
Q

what is a covalent bond?

A

the electrostatic attraction between positively charged protons in the nucleus and the negative shared pair of electrons

49
Q

What is the structure of metals?

A

Layers of pos close packed metal ions in “sea” of delocalised electrons

50
Q

Why are metals malleable?

A

Layers of ions
can slide over each other

51
Q

Why do metals have high MPs?

A

v. strong electrostatic attraction between ions+delocalised electrons
lots of energy to overcome

52
Q

Why do simple molecular substances have low BPs?

A

only weak IMF between the molecules
these take little energy to overcome

53
Q

why can’t molecular compounds conduct electricity?

A

no charged particles that can move

54
Q

strcture of diamond/graphite

A

giant lattice of atoms

55
Q

why do giant covalent structures have high MPs?

A

many strong covalent bonds between all the atoms that take a lot of energy to break

56
Q

why do some ionic compounds have higher MPs than others?

A

the higher the charge the stronger the attraction

57
Q

How do you calculate the volume of a gas? (dm^3)

A

moles x 24

58
Q

Limitations of dot cross representation?

A

Doesn’t show relative size of atoms or shape of molecule - covalent
does not show how the ions are arranged in a lattice - ionic

59
Q

Limitations of ball-and-stick representation?

A

atoms not to scale
do not show where the electrons in the bond come from
makes it look like there are large gaps between atoms
^^ covalent

60
Q

Limitations of space filling representation?

A

not always easy to see the 3D shape

61
Q

Limitations of displayed formula representation?

A

doesn’t show 3d shape or correct bond angles

62
Q

Limitations of close packed representation?

A

difficult to see arrangement of ions

63
Q

limitations of ionic 2d ball and stick

A

doesn’t show 3d arrangement

64
Q

limitations of ionic 3d ball and stick

A

the ions are actually close together
gives a false image of bond direction; it is only electrostatic attraction

Science Revision (55 decks)

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