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microbiology > Parasitology PART II > Flashcards

Parasitology PART II Flashcards

1
Q

Helminths are multicellular parasites that cause disease by invading host tissues or robbing the body of nutrients (typically in GI tract). What are the 3 classes of Helminths?

a. nematodes/roundworms
b. cestodes/tapeworms
c. trematodes/flukes
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

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2
Q

T/F Nematodes/roundworms are composed of free-living organisms and parasites that cause infestations of the GI tract and blood stream or other tissues.

A

T

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3
Q

This Helminth is most common in North America and Europe and is characterized by gastrointestinal upset, perianal itching, irritability, insomnia, & vaginal irritation. It is highly contagious and the eggs can be detected on perianal area using “scotch tape” test in the morning.

a. pinworm
b. ascaris worm
c. hookworm
d. whip worm

A

a. pinworm

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4
Q

This Helminth is the most common parasite infection worldwide and causes: pneumonia, blockage of gastrointestinal tract, migration w/n the small intestine possibly leading to acute (fatal) peritonitis and/or blockage of bile or pancreatic duct. The juveniles are “coughed up” and swallowed then complete their development in the small intestine. This helminth can be diagnosed by the eggs in feces of infected person.

a. pinworm
b. ascaris worm
c. hookworm
d. whip worm

A

b. ascaris worm

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5
Q

The infective agents of this Helminth penetrate the skin, migrate via the blood to the lungs and cause hemorrhages, blood loss, & anemia. This Helminth can be diagnosed by the characteristic eggs in feces and is most common in cats and dogs.

a. pinworm
b. ascaris worm
c. hookworm
d. whip worm

A

c. hookworm

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6
Q

These specific hookworm eggs from feces of infected dogs and cats are swallowed by man and hatch in the intestine. The larvae penetrate the mucosa, enter the circulation and are carried to liver, lungs, eyes and other organs where they cause inflammatory necrosis.

a. Toxocara canis and T. catti (visceral larva migrans)
b. Ancylostoma braziliensis (cutaneous larva migrans,
creeping eruption)
c. all of the above
d. none of the above

A

a. Toxocara canis and T. catti (visceral larva migrans)

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7
Q

This specific Hookworm is prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries including the US. Its larvae have a tendency to move around, the eruption
migrates in the skin around the site of infection. The symptoms last the
duration of larval persistence which ranges from 2 to 10 weeks.

a. Toxocara canis and T. catti (visceral larva migrans)
b. Ancylostoma braziliensis (cutaneous larva migrans,
creeping eruption)
c. all of the above
d. none of the above

A

b. Ancylostoma braziliensis (cutaneous larva migrans,
creeping eruption)

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8
Q

These specific Helminths live in the large intestine
with their anterior ends
embedded into the cells that line the large intestine. Their symptoms include: diarrhea, dysentery, anemia, mental & physical retardation (mainly in children). This helmith can be diagnosed by characteristic eggs in feces.

a. pinworm
b. ascaris worm
c. hookworm
d. whip worm

A

d. whip worm

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9
Q

The host is infected by water containing infected copepods. The worm senses water, lays eggs, then forms blisters on feet and lies beneath the blister. This worm can be eradicated by pouring H2O on the blister.

a. Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea worm)
b. Onchocerca volvulus (Blinding filariasis)
c. Wuchereria bancrofti and W. (Brugia) malayi (elephantiasis)
d. none of the above

A

a. Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea worm)

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10
Q

These threadlike roundworms infect lymphatic tissue and return material into circulation.

a. Filariae worm
b.ascaris worm
c. hookworm
d. whip worm

A

a. Filariae worm

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11
Q

Major blood tissue nematodes include:

a. Wuchereria bancrofti and W. (Brugia) Malayi,
b. Onchocerca volvulus
c. Loa loa (eye worm)
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

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12
Q

This Filariae worm is transmitted via an infected mosquito bite. The microfilarie mature into adults in lymphatics & lymph nodes of genitals & lower extremeties, mate, & their offspring enter nearby blood vessels causing: fever, swollen lymph nodes, & elephantiasis.

a. Wuchereria bancrofti and W. (Brugia) Malayi,
b. Onchocerca volvulus
c. Loa loa (eye worm)
d. all of the above

A

a. Wuchereria bancrofti and W. (Brugia) Malayi,

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13
Q

This Filariae worm is transmitted via female black fly. This specific worm results in nodular and erythematous lesions in the skin and subcutaneous tissue due to a chronic inflammatory response to
persistent worm infection. After mating the offspring (microfilariae) can
migrate through the dermis and connective tissue and eye (leading to
blindness).

a. Wuchereria bancrofti and W. (Brugia) Malayi,
b. Onchocerca volvulus
c. Loa loa (eye worm)
d. all of the above

A

b. Onchocerca volvulus

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14
Q

This Filariae worm is transmitted via deer fly. The organism migrates under the skin at a rate of up to an inch every two minutes. Consequently, the swelling appears spontaneously,
persists for 4 to 7 days and disappears, and is known as fugitive or Calabar swelling. The worm usually causes no serious problems, except when passing through the orbital conjunctiva or the nose bridge.

a. Wuchereria bancrofti and W. (Brugia) Malayi,
b. Onchocerca volvulus
c. Loa loa (eye worm)
d. all of the above

A

c. Loa loa (eye worm)

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15
Q

These Helminths are oftentimes transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated undercooked or raw meat (beef, lamb, pork, & fish) or fleas infected with dog or cat tapeworms.

a. nematodes/roundworms
b. cestodes/tapeworms
c. trematodes/flukes
d. all of the above

A

b. cestodes/tapeworms

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16
Q

T/F Pork tapeworm-Taenia solium lives in the GI tract & stays there if human ingests the eggs & forms a cyst in the brain.

A

T

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17
Q

These Helminths are leaf shaped, hermaphroditic, and their suckers allow attachment while fluids are withdrawn from the host. Penetrate thru skin acquire thru water sources

a. nematodes/roundworms
b. cestodes/tapeworms
c. trematodes/flukes
d. all of the above

A

c. trematodes/flukes

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18
Q

These helminths penetrate human skin (causing itching) and travel through bloodstream and end up in
the veins near the small intestine or urinary bladder where they lay eggs which can be excreted. The eggs are excreted in urine.

a. Schistosoma
b. Taenia solium
c. Onchocerca volvulus

A

a. Schistosoma

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19
Q

Fungi:

a. require organic compounds for energy
b. mainly terrestrial organisms
c. prefer 20-30C
d. Most are aerobic but some are facultative
anaerobes and carry out alcoholic
fermentation (S. cerevisiae)
e. all of the above

A

e. all of the above

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20
Q

Saccharomyces are used in the production of:
a. beer
b. wine
c. bread
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

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21
Q

T/F Penicillin, griseofulvin as well as other antimicrobials are made from fungi

A

T

22
Q

Fungi are:

a. non-motile (non-flagellated eukaryotic cells
b. not photosynthetic
c. have walls composed of chitin
d. devoid of chlorophyll
e. reproduce by means of spores
f. all of the above

A

f. all of the above

23
Q

T/F The morphological forms for fungi are:

yeasts & molds

A

T

23
Q

Fungi that acquire nutrients from dead or dying material are known as:

a. Dimorphic
b. Saprophytes
c. Rhizoids
d. all of the above

A

b. Saprophytes

24
Q

T/F The four groups of fungi are:

Zygomycetes (Zygospores), Basidiomycetes(basidiospores), Ascomycetes (ascospores), Deuteromycetes or Fungi Imperfecti (sexual reproduction has not been observed)

A

T

25
Q

The symbiotic fungi that result from relationship
between fungi and photosynthetic
organisms (algae or cyanobacteria) are:

a. lichens
b. mycorrhizae
c. your mom
d. all of the above

A

a. lichens

26
Q

T/F Mycorrhizae is a fungi symbiosis with roots of plants

A

T

27
Q

T/F Relationships are very close: Fungus provides protection Photosynthetic organism supplies nutrient

A

T

28
Q

This chronic superficial mycoses leads to hypo/hyperpigmented patches on skin.

a. Pityriasis versicolor (tinea
versicolor)
b. Exophiala werneckii (Tinea nigra)
c. Candida albicans
d. none of the above

A

a. Pityriasis versicolor (tinea
versicolor)

29
Q

This superficial mycoses causes dark brown to black
painless patches on the soles of hands and feet.

a. Pityriasis versicolor (tinea
versicolor)
b. Exophiala werneckii (Tinea nigra)
c. Candida albicans
d. none of the above

A

b. Exophiala werneckii (Tinea nigra)

30
Q

Dermatophytosis is characterized by:

a. excessive moisture allowing for invasion of keratinized layers of tissue
b. infection of the hair, skin, and nails caused by keratinophilic fungi of three specific genera collectively termed dermatophytes: Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, Microsporum
c. produce keratinase
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

31
Q

Examples of dermatophyte
infections include:

  • Tinea corporis = mycosis of the body – Ringworm

– Tinea capitis = mycosis of the scalp

– Tinea axillaris = mycosis of the underarm

– Tinea cruris = mycosis of the groin – Jock itch

– Tinea pedis = mycosis of the foot- Athlete’s foot

– Tinea unguium (onychomycosis)
= mycosis of the nail

A
32
Q

Candida albicans

A

– Oral thrush (mouth)
– Diaper rash (groin)
– Candida vaginitis (vagina)

33
Q

Subcutaneous mycoses is caused by saprophytic fungi that gains entry following trauma to the skin. They usually remain localized to the subcutaneous tissue or spread along lymphatics to local nodes. Which of the following are examples of this?

a.Sporothrix schenckii
(sporotrichosis
b. Phialophora and Cladosporium
(chromoblastomycosis)
c.Pityriasis versicolor (tinea
versicolor)
d.both a & b
e. none of the above

A

d.both a & b

34
Q

This systemic mycoses is endemic in arid regions of the southwestern USA & Latin America. It is a dimorphic fungus that is mold in soil of hyphae, and spherule in tissue. It is transmitted by the inhalation of arthrospores and often causes mild pneumonia or “flu-like” symptoms.

a. Coccidiodomycosis
b. Histoplasma capsulatum
c. Blastomyces dermatitidis
d.Candida albicans
e. all of the above

A

a. Coccidiodomycosis

35
Q

This systemic mycoses is endemic in central & eastern states (Ohio & MS river valleys). It is a dimorphus fungi that is mold in soil (w/bird or bat droppings) and yeast in tissue (tuberculate macroconidia or microconidia multiplying w/n macrophages). It is transmitted by inhalation of conidia and often causes mild respiratory problems.

a. Coccidiodomycosis
b. Histoplasma capsulatum
c. Blastomyces dermatitidis
d.Candida albicans
e. all of the above

A

b. Histoplasma capsulatum

36
Q

This systemic mycoses is most prevalent in southeastern USA & Ohio-MS river valley. It is a dimorphic fungi that is mold in soil and yeast in tissue. It is transmitted by inhalation of conidia and results in chronic granulomatous disease. The primary pulmonary stage is frequently followed by spread to other sites.

a. Coccidiodomycosis
b. Histoplasma capsulatum
c. Blastomyces dermatitidis
d.Candida albicans
e. all of the above

A

c. Blastomyces dermatitidis

37
Q

This systemic “opportunistic” mycoses is present in soil; pigeon droppings and is transmitted by the inhalation of minimally encapsulated spores or basidiospores. This usually results in pneumonia and spreads to the CNS in immune suppressed individuals. Its virulence factors include: capsule, melanin production, growth w/in macrophages.

a. Coccidiodomycosis
b. Aspergillus fumigatus/flavus
c. Cryptococcus (Filobasidiella) neoformans
d. Candida albicans
e. None of the above

A

c. Cryptococcus (Filobasidiella) neoformans

38
Q

This systemic “opportunistic” mycoses is found in upper respiratory, gastrointestinal, & female genital tracts. It’s transmission occurs following impairment of local or systemic host defenses by over-growth of normal flora. There are different types of this mycoses: thrush, esophageal, disseminated candidiasis, & chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. For the diagnosis, a yeast infection is an overproduction of normal flora, pseudohyphae is a sign of infection.

a. Coccidiodomycosis
b. Aspergillus fumigatus/flavus
c. Cryptococcus (Filobasidiella) neoformans
d. Candida albicans
e. None of the above

A

d. Candida albicans

39
Q

This systemic “opportunistic” mycoses exist only as molds in soil, decomposing organic materials, fruits, nuts, grains. It mainly affects immune compromised patients (especially neutropenic patients).

a. Coccidiodomycosis
b. Aspergillus fumigatus/flavus
c. Cryptococcus (Filobasidiella) neoformans
d. Candida albicans
e. None of the above

A

b. Aspergillus fumigatus/flavus

40
Q

Yeast

A

spore germinates to produce round, oval, or
elongated single cells that reproduce mostly by budding
(some by fission) forming moist or mucoid colonies

41
Q

Molds

A

filamentous fungi that are well adapted to absorb
nutrients.

–>* Hyphae – a single filament that may be interrupted at various intervals by septa (septate) or be continuous (nonseptate or
coenocytic [multinucleated] hyphae)

**—->Haustoria – can penetrate animal or plant cell walls to gain
nutrients

**—->Rhizoids - short root-like hyphae which anchors saprophytic fungi
(i.e., Rhizopus) onto substrate

42
Q

Mycelium

A

a collection of hyphae (mushrooms, puff balls)

43
Q

African sleeping sickness is caused by:
A. Toxoplasma gondii
B. Plasmodium falciparum
C. Trypanosoma brucei
D. Giardia lamblia

A

C. Trypanosoma brucei

44
Q

Elephantiasis is caused by:
A. Filarial worm
B. Whip worm
C. Tape worm
D. Round worm

A

A. Filarial worm

45
Q

Tapeworms can be transmitted to humans by:
A.Bat guano
B.mosquitoes
C.Infected wounds
D. Ingestion of uncooked pork

A

D. Ingestion of uncooked pork

46
Q

The helminth Enterobius Vermicularis is better known as:

a. Pinworm
b. Ascaris worm
c. Hookworm
d. Whip worms

A

a. Pinworm

47
Q

You go to the doctor after experiencing symptoms of pneumonia, blockage of gastrointestinal tract, bile, and pancreatic duct. They notice eggs in your feces and inform you that you have:

a. Pinworm (Enterobius Vermicularis)
b. Ascaris worm (Ascaris Lumbricoides & Ascaris Suum)
c. Hookworm (Necator & Ancylostoma)
d. Whip worms (Truchuris)

A

b. Ascaris worm (Ascaris Lumbricoides & Ascaris Suum)

48
Q

You go to the doctor after experiencing blood loss, signs of anemia, and hemorrhages. The doctor notices eggs in your feces and informs you that what you have is common in dogs/cats. From this information, you can conclude that you have:

a. Pinworm (Enterobius Vermicularis)
b. Ascaris worm (Ascaris Lumbricoides & Ascaris Suum)
c. Hookworm (Necator & Ancylostoma)
d. Whip worms (Truchuris)

A

c. Hookworm (Necator & Ancylostoma)

49
Q

You go to the doctor after experiencing diarrhea and anemia. The doctor notices eggs in your feces and informs you that you have:

a. Pinworm (Enterobius Vermicularis)
b. Ascaris worm (Ascaris Lumbricoides & Ascaris Suum)
c. Hookworm (Necator & Ancylostoma)
d. Whip worms (Truchuris)

A

d. Whip worms (Truchuris)

50
Q

You traveled to the West Indies for vacation and had the time of your life swimming around. A few days later you noticed a painful blister on your foot. In order to remove this blister, the doctor poured H2O on it and winded up the worm with a matchstick. This specific worm you had was the:

a. Dracunculus medinesis (Guinea worm)
b. Onchocerca volvulus (Blinding filariasis)
c. Wuchereria bancrofti and W. (Brugia) malayi (elephantiasis)
d. none of the above

A

a. Dracunculus medinesis (Guinea worm)

51
Q

Wucheria bancrofti and W.(Brugia) malayi (elephantiasis) are spread through:

a. mosquitoes
b. sandfly
c. tsetse fly
d. none. of the above

A

a. mosquitoes

microbiology (10 decks)

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