Chapter 15: epilepsy Flashcards
Epileptic seizure
When there is abnormal and excessive electrical activity in the brain that leads to changes in the functioning or behavior of the patient. Depending on the focus of the epileptic activity a temporary disturbance occurs in, for instance, consciousness, motor skills, cognitive functioning or sensory functions.
Clinical criteria for epilepsy
- At least 2 unprovoked seizures with an interval between seizures of more than 24 hours.
- One unprovoked seizure and probability of at least 60% one will have other seizures within 10 years.
- The diagnosis of an epilepsy syndrome.
Classification steps
Classification of epilepsy happens in 3 steps:
1. The seizure types: focal, generalized or unknown.
2. Type of epilepsy: focal, generalized, combination or unknown.
3. Epilepsy syndrome.
Focal onset
A seizure that lasts seconds or minutes.
Motor onset
Small shocks, fidgeting with clothes (open-mouthed chewing for example).
Non-motor onset
A rising sensation from the stomach area or smelling a strange smell for example.
Tonic-clonic seizure
A generalized seizure with muscle twitching and jerking.
Generalized onset
There are epileptic discharges in both hempispheres at the same time, which always leads to a loss of consciousness.
Tonic
Stiffening of the body and muscles.
Clonic
Muscle twitching
Atonic seizure
Loss of muscle tention.
Status epilepticus
When a seizure lasts too long or does not stop on its own.
Conclusive status of a seizure
When there are continuous muscle cramps ant twitching and breathing is interrupted. This is life threatening.
Non-conclusive status of a seizure
When someone shows confused or strange bahavior, but no muscle cramps and no trouble breathing.
Etiology
First a MRI scan is done to determine structural brain abnomality and then there are blood tests and cerebronspinal fluid analysis to determine the cause of the epilepsy.