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Biology S4 > Vitamins And Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins And Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Why are vitamins and minerals essential?

A

Vitamins and minerals are essential for the body to be able to use the other nutrients efficiently.

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2
Q

What amount of vitamins and minerals is needed?

A

They are needed in only very small amounts. 

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3
Q

How many different types of vitamins and minerals are there and how are they usually provided? 

A

There are many different vitamins and minerals, and they are usually provided in the foods of a balance diet.

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4
Q

What is vitamin C?

A

Vitamin C is a water soluble ascorbic acid. 

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5
Q

What are the food sources of vitamin C?

A

The food sources of vitamin C are cherries, citrus, fruits, eg. limes, lemons, oranges, and fresh green leafy vegetables.

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6
Q

What are the symptoms of deficiency of vitamin C?

A

Scurvy, production of fibre in the body is affected.

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7
Q

What does vitamin C protect against?

A

Vitamin C also seems to protect cells from ageing.

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8
Q

What is vitamin D?

A

Vitamin D is a fat soluble calciferol.

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9
Q

What are the food sources of vitamin D?

A

The food sources of vitamin D are liver, dairy products, eggs, and fish liver oil.

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10
Q

What are the symptoms of deficiency of vitamin D?

A

The symptoms of deficiency of vitamin D are rickets, bones are soft, and may because vitamin D needed for the absorption of calcium 

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11
Q

Can vitamin D be made by the body?

A

Vitamin D can be made by the body, just under the skin, but only if there is plenty of sunlight.

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12
Q

What is iron?

A

A mineral

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13
Q

What are the food sources for iron?

A

Red meat, liver, some leafy vegetables, eg. spinach

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of deficiency of iron?

A

Anaemia- iron is needed to produce haemoglobin for red blood cells. A shortage causes weakness as oxygen needed for respiration cannot be transported efficiently.

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15
Q

How is iron added to foods?

A

Iron is added to foods when metal utensils are used in cooking- the amount of iron in a piece of beef is doubled when the meat is minced in an iron mincer.

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16
Q

What is calcium?

A

A mineral

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17
Q

Food sources of calcium

A

Milk, cheese, and fish

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18
Q

Symptoms of deficiency of calcium

A

-weak bones and teeth
-poor clotting of blood
-uncontrolled muscle contractions (spasms)

19
Q

which disease does the shortage of calcium cause?

A

The shortage of calcium causes rickets, which is the same deficiency disease caused by insufficent vitamin D.

20
Q

How much of our body is formed by water?

A

Water forms about 70% of the human body.

21
Q

What are the functions of water in the human body?

A

Two- thirds of the water is in the cytoplasm of cells, and the other third is in tissue fluid and blood plasma.

22
Q

How much water do humans lose everyday?

A

Humans loce about 1.5 litres of water evry day, in urine, faeces, exhaled air and sweat.

23
Q

How is water obtained?

A

Water can be obtained in three ways:
-as a drink
-in food, especially salad foods such as tomatoes and lettuce
-from metabolic processes (aerobic respiration)

24
Q

What can loss of water lead to?

A

A loss of only 5% of the body’s water can lead to unconciousness and a loss of 10% can be fatal.

25
Q

What is dietary fibre?

A

Dietary fibre is the indegistable part of food, largely cellulose from plant cell walls, which provides bulk for the faeces.

26
Q

What does plenty of fibre help with?

A

Plenty of fibre in the diet stretches the muscles of the gut wall, and helps push food along by peristalsis.

27
Q

What can a shortage of fibre cause?

A

A shortage of fibre can cause constipation, and may be a factor in the development of bowel cancer.

28
Q

Summary of a balanced diet: Bread, cereal, rice, and pasta group

A

6-11 servings

29
Q

Summary of a balanced diet: Vegetable group

A

3-5 servings

30
Q

Summary of a balanced diet: Fruits group

A

2-4 servings

31
Q

Summary of a balanced diet: Milk, yoghurt, and cheese group

A

2-3 servings

32
Q

Summary of a balanced diet: meat, popultry, fish, pulses, eggs, and nuts group

A

2-3 servings

33
Q

Summary of a balanced diet: Fats, oils and sweets group

A

Eat sparingly

34
Q

What are fortifiers?

A

Fortifiers are substances added to increase the nutrient value of the food

35
Q

What does fortification mean?

A

Fortification means strengthening.

36
Q

What are additives?

A

Additives are substances with no nutrient value but which are added to improve appearance, flavour, texture and/or storage properties of the food.

37
Q

what do natural foods contain?

A

Natural foods contain a mixture of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals and water.

38
Q

What do many foods consumes in the developed world also contain?

A

Many foods consumed in the developed world also contain other substances which fall into two main categories: fortifiers, and additives.

39
Q

What are residues?

A

Residues are added to increase food production.

40
Q

How can residues harm human health?

A

Because of their widespread use, or because of poor food production techniques, these substances may remain in food presented to humans.

41
Q

Pesticides

A

may become concentrated in food chains, causing harm to the top consumers including humans.

42
Q

Fertilizers

A

nitrates and phosphates may leach into water supplies. This has caused problems in babies fed with reconstituted powdered milk. Blue baby syndrome in which babies’ blood does not become properly oxygenated.

43
Q

Antibiotics

A

used to prevent infection of cattle and poultry. May lead to selection of antibiotic resistant strains of microbes.

44
Q

Hormones

A

oestrogen is used to boost the growth rate of chickens. This may cause human males to develop female characteristics.

Biology S4 (16 decks)

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