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module 2 > Lab Values > Flashcards

Lab Values Flashcards

1
Q

What are lab results for?

A

Screening
Diagnosis
Monitoring

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2
Q

Factors affecting lab values

A

Age
Gender
Race
Pregnancy
Food ingestion

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3
Q

Urine studies are used to

A

Detect/diagnose and monitor renal and urinary disease
Detect metabolic/systemic disease

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4
Q

Urine reflects ________ __________ of a substance if kidney function normal

A

Blood levels

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5
Q

Desired result of urinalysis

A

Clear, yellow-amber color
No ketones, WBCs, or protein

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6
Q

24 hour urine is for

A

Hormones, protein, creatinine

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7
Q

When doing a 24 hour urine test, what do you do before?

A

Ask pt to void, and discard the first voiding.

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8
Q

All urine is saved in a container for 24 hr, and must be kept

A

Cool

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9
Q

24 hour urine sources of error:

A

Contaminants in the urine
Failure to collect all urine in time period
Including 1st voided urine
Improper storage/preservation of specimen

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10
Q

CrCl

A

Creatinine clearance

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11
Q

CrCl can detect and diagnose

A

Kidney dysfunction and/or decreased blood flow to kidneys

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12
Q

CrCl test requires

A

24 hr urine test and 1 blood specimen

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13
Q

Osmolality of urine measures

A

Dissolved particles in urine

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14
Q

Osmolality of urine determines

A

Kidneys concentrating ability
Fluid & electrolyte abnormalities

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15
Q

Normal serum osmolality

A

280-300 mOsm/L

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16
Q

HCT

A

Hematocrit

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17
Q

HCT values assess

A

Hydration status, anemia, oxygen transport

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18
Q

Buffy coat

A

White blood cells, platelets

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19
Q

High levels of HCT

A

Dehydration, diuretics, burns
High altitude, hypoxemia, COPD

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20
Q

Low levels of HCT

A

Levels tend to decrease with age
s/s of anemias, blood loss, over hydration
Extremely elevated WBCs

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21
Q

High levels of serum osmolality

A

Dehydration
Increased Na or glucose
HHNK or DKA
Diuretic therapy

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22
Q

Low levels of serum osmolality

A

Over hydration
SIADH
CA- breast, colon, lung

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23
Q

PreAlbmin is used to monitor

A

Nutrition status and effects of treatment
Liver function

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24
Q

Increased PreAlbumin

A

Hodgkins disease, pregnancy

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25
Q

Decreased PreAlbumin

A

Malnutrition, liver disease, inflammation

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26
Q

Culture and sensitivity

A

Urine, blood, wound drainage, tissue and devices

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27
Q

Culture for fungus may take up to

A

6 weeks

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28
Q

Gram positive

A

Blue staining organism

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29
Q

Gram negative

A

Red staining organism

30
Q

Gram stain results take

A

10 mins

31
Q

Therapeutic drug monitoring determines

A

Effective dose and prevents toxicity

32
Q

Peak

A

Drug highest level in blood but below toxic level

33
Q

Trough

A

Drug lowest level in blood but in therapeutic range

34
Q

PT/INR

A

Monitoring or warfarin
Evaluation for vitamin K deficiency or severe malnutrition
Assessment of liver failure

35
Q

PTT

A

Monitoring (but not initiation) of heparin
Assessment of clotting factor function in hemophilia and von Willebrand disease

36
Q

Both PT/INR and PTT

A

Active bleeding without obvious cause
History of abnormal, excessive, or spontaneous bleeding
High risk patients

37
Q

Production occurs in the

A

Bone marrow

38
Q

Granulocytes

A

Basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils

39
Q

CBC

A

Complete blood count

40
Q

CBC is used to diagnose

A

Anemias
Bleeding disorders
Infections
Blood cell changes

41
Q

CBC elements

A

WBC
RBC
HCT
HGB
Platelet count

42
Q

WBC assessment of

A

Infection
Neoplasm
Allergy
Immunosuppression

43
Q

WBC’s > 10,000 =

A

Leukocytosis
(Anemias, viral infections, ETOH, RA, trauma, physical or emotional stress)

44
Q

WBC’s < 4,000 =

A

Leukopenia
(Acute infection, MI, cirrhosis, burns, dietary deficiencies)

45
Q

Polymorphonuclear

A

Having a lobed nucleus
Commonly referred to as “polys”

46
Q

Neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis
Bacterial infection, trauma

47
Q

Eosinophils

A

Allergic reactions
Parasitic conditions

48
Q

Basophils

A

Mast cells
Increase during healing process

49
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Increase during chronic bacterial and viral infections
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes

50
Q

RBC

A

Red blood cells

51
Q

Red blood cells are formed in

A

Bone marrow

52
Q

Red blood cells:

A

Erythrocytes
Transport oxygen
Assess for anemias

53
Q

High RBC levels =

A

Erythrocytosis
(Severe dehydration, COPD, polycythemia vera )

54
Q

Low RBC levels =

A

Erythropenia
(Anemia, hemorrhage, bone marrow failure, cirrhosis, renal disease, lymphoma, leukemia)

55
Q

Tourniquet on for >1min =

A

Hemolysis

56
Q

HGB is highest in the

A

Morning

57
Q

HGB is lowest around

A

Bedtime

58
Q

HGB high levels

A

Dehydration, CHF, lung disease, heavy smokers

59
Q

HGB low levels

A

Anemias, hemorrhage, hodgkins, kidney disease

60
Q

MCV

A

Mean corpuscular volume
Average size of erythrocytes
HCT / RBC =MCV

61
Q

MCH

A

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
Average weight of erythrocytes
HGB / RBC = MCH

62
Q

MCHC

A

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
Concentration of hemoglobin in 100 ml PRBC
HGB /HCT = MCHC

63
Q

Platelets promote

A

Coagulation, vascular integrity

64
Q

Platelets are produced in the

A

Bone marrow

65
Q

Platelets are

A

Thrombocytes

66
Q

Increased platelet levels =

A

Thrombocytosis (>400,000)

67
Q

Thrombocythemia

A

> 1 million platelets

68
Q

low levels of platelets

A

Thrombocytopenia (<100,000)

69
Q

Normal urine osmolality

A

300-900 mOsm/L

70
Q

Serum osmolality rough estimate

A

Na level x 2

module 2 (15 decks)

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