Unit 10

Question 1

What happens with volcanic massive sulfide hydrothermal vents?

Answer 1

High temp water and gas is expelled from the plate boundaries, within the gas and water there are metals that cool almost instantaneously on the ocean floor.

Question 2

What are porphyry deposits?

Answer 2

From around cooling felsic (Iron rich) magma stock in the upper continental crust metals in the surrounding rock begin to dissolve and concentrate into metal rich hoit water, Basically just concentrates the metal in one area. Just dine bt ground water.

Question 3

What are epithermal vein deposits?

Answer 3

they from from the same metal rich fluids in porphyry deposits these are just closer to the surface

Question 4

Banded Iron formation

Answer 4

Iron rich rock deposits that formed during the great oxidation which was when oxygen in the atmosphere that turned it from soluble into insoluble, iron precipitated out of ocean water creating iron rich sediments

Question 5

What are Alberta’s rocky mountains primary made from?

Answer 5

Limestone

Question 6

What is the one gemstone only made from one element?

Answer 6

Diamonds, are made from only carbon. it is the strongest material on earth

Question 7

Where do diamond form?

Answer 7

They require a lot of pressure and heat so they are very deep in the mantle

Question 8

how do diamonds make it back to the crust?

Answer 8

Volcanic eruptions called kimberlites, they originate in the mantle and not the crust =, but the crust has now gotten to thick and cold so we don’t see kimberlites forming anymore.

Question 9

How to find kimberlite mines?

Answer 9

a glacier will go over the kimberlite and pick up some of the particles as it moves. once the glacier melts it will leave behind “breadcrumbs” to follow back to the original site.

Question 10

Fossil fuels

Answer 10

Oil, gas and coal. which contain organic carbon. Organic Carbon comes from marine algae, and animal soft parts. Usually stored in sedimentary rocks

Question 11

How does coal from?

Answer 11

usually on swampy lands, dead vegetation accumulates, it remains there for over 100 years which turn it into peat. peat is subjected to increase heat and pressure which turns it into coal.

Question 12

More carbon means?

Answer 12

more energy potential

Question 13

Coal process

Answer 13

Peat –> Lignite (25-35% Carbon) –> bituminous (35-85%) Carbon –> anthracite (Greater than 85%)

Question 14

oil and gas

Answer 14

usually on the ocean floor, AN accumulation of dead organisms that become buried (Must be low to no oxygen) Organic matter heats up, converts to oil and then gas. stored underground in sedimentary rocks.

Question 15

Where does oil and gas want to move?

Answer 15

From high pressure to low pressure, they migrate towards the land surface. they will move until they are trapped by an impermeable layer

Question 16

Components of fossil fuel reservoirs?

Answer 16

Source rock (the rock with organic matter), the reservoir (the rock with the pore space that allows the fluid to be stored), the migration path (allows the oil to move from high to low pressure from the source rock to the reservoir), Cap rock (a layer that the oil and gas cannot pass)

Question 17

Do you always have oil and gas together?

Answer 17

No, gas is created deeper than oil so you may inly drill into oil and water, or oil, gas and water

Question 18

stratigraphic traps

Answer 18

related to the compositional layering of the rocks, (impermeable stone, permeable stone, impermeable stone)

Question 19

Structural traps?

Answer 19

related to the deformation of rocks below the surface (folding and faulting

Question 20

Anticline trap?

Answer 20

fluid get trapped at the peak of an anticline by an overlying rock cap

Question 21

Fault trap?

Answer 21

Units of oil and gas pushed it against a fault

Question 22

Conventional reservoir?

Answer 22

fossil fuel is stored in stratigraphic and or structural traps (normal traps that form normally), they have source rock migration path, reservoir, trap and cap rock.

Question 23

Unconventional reservoir?

Answer 23

fossil fuel stored in source rock, so source rock is reservoir as well. they are impermeable.

Question 24

Fracking

Answer 24

process of injecting liquid at super high pressure into the rock. This creates permeability

Question 25

What is climate forcing?

Answer 25

condition change that give the climate a push towards warmer or colder climate.

Question 26

Feedbacks due to climate forcing

Answer 26

positive feedback exaggerated the change where as negative feedback suppresses the change

Question 27

Greenhouse gases

Answer 27

let sunlight pass through but stop it from leaving the atmosphere. Important but can be dangerous when too much of it.

Question 28

Natural climate forcing

Answer 28

The sun is producing more energy now than what it did. because of this our atmosphere is evolving so we get less of a warming affect than we did

Question 29

Gaia hypothesis

Answer 29

the theory that organisms evolve in ways that contribute to ensuring their environment remains habitable

Question 30

Plate tectonics

Answer 30

Position of the continents affect major glacial periods. Movement of the continents, redirect, global oceanic, circular patterns.

Question 31

Thermohaline circulation

Answer 31

Ocean currents, fluctuate, overtime change in the thermohaline circulation in the golf stream, affect climate continent, shift, the oceanic circulation, belt changes shape

Question 32

M what is the Milanković cycle?

Answer 32

Basically, how earths movement in the solar system affects earths climate

Question 33

What are the three things that affect the Milanković cycle?

Answer 33

Eccentricity, obliquity and precession, also known as orbital, forcing

Question 34

What is eccentricity?

Answer 34

The shape of earths orbit around the sun, earths orbit is elliptical, and it becomes more elliptical as the sun moves away from the centre

Question 35

What is obliquity?

Answer 35

The angle earths axis is tilted with respect to the orbital plane around the sun

Question 36

What is precession?

Answer 36

The direction earth axis of rotation is pointed

Question 37

What does it mean when the northern hemisphere is pointed towards the sun when it’s further away?

Answer 37

Cooler summers and reverse for hot summers, so pointed towards the sun when it’s closer would be hot summers

Question 38

Anthropogenic climate change

Answer 38

This happened right after the industrial revolution, when humans first began burning fossil fuels and released massive amounts of carbon into the atmosphere

Question 39

How do we know what earths climate was in the past?

Answer 39

By using science, proxies, science proxies are preserved physical characteristics of the past that stand in for direct meteorological measurements which allows scientist to reconstruct climatic conditions through earth history

Question 40

Two main Oxygen isotopes

Answer 40

O16 and O18, (16 is lighter) As well as they are separated by natural process, called fractionalization

Question 41

What is fractionalization?

Answer 41

Evaporation and ice ice growth remove O16 over O18 which is heavier. Glaciers will have more O16 than ocean water

Question 42

What are ice cores?

Answer 42

These are the cores of glacial ice. We can track climate change year by year by looking at the O16 to O18 ratio

Question 43

Seafloor, sediment cores

Answer 43

Sediment cores, have the most continuous data set to track climate change, marine cinnamons are made out of CaCO3 skeletons. Oxygen in CaCO3 records O18.O16. And shells have a higher O18.O16 in cold climates

Question 44

What is one of the easiest ways to detect climate change?

Answer 44

Sea level rise this occurs because warm water expands as it heated, which causes glaciers to melt

Question 45

Tropical storms

Answer 45

Tropical storms gain energy from evaporation of warm sea water in low latitudes as temperature rises, so does the intensity of storm, warm air hold more water vapour

Question 46

Define a heat wave

Answer 46

A period of unusually hot weather lasting more than two days

Question 47

What climates are best for pests?

Answer 47

Warmer climates are more habitable cold temperatures kill insects