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intro cell + molec bio > days 1- 2 > Flashcards

days 1- 2 Flashcards

1
Q

cell

A

basic unit from which a living organism is made; consists of an aquious solution of organic molecules enclosed by a membrain

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2
Q

cell theory

A
  1. all organisms consist of one or more cells
  2. cell is the basic unit of structure + organization for all organisms
  3. cells only arise from preexisting cells
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3
Q

3 domains of life

A

bacteria, archaea, eucharia

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4
Q

plasma membrain

A

made up of proteins + lipids. separates cell from everything else (outside of the cell)

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5
Q

cytoplasm

A

contents of cells, devided into cytosol and organells

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6
Q

cytosol

A

aquious solution in the cytoplasm of a cell

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7
Q

organelle

A

(in eukaryotes) a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell (like organs of the cell)

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8
Q

why is compartmentalization (in eukaryotes) advantageous?

A
  • helps w/efficiency
  • creates gradients (concentration, electrical, ion etc)
  • allows specialization
  • protection of DNA in nuclious
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9
Q

nucleous

A

contains + protects DNA in cells

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10
Q

nuclear envelope

A

2 lipid bilayers, contains nuclear pores (allows material in/out of nucleus)

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11
Q

peroxisome

A

protects the cell from free radicals.

  • converts H2O2 into H2O and H+
  • metabolizes fatty acids, some amino acids, toxic substances
  • abundent in liver + kidney cells
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12
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

interconnected membranous tubules and sacs

devided into rough and smooth ER

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13
Q

rough ER

A

contains rhibosomes (does protein synthesis), closer to nucleus

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14
Q

smooth ER

A

no rhibosomes, does lipid synthesis, located outside of rough ER (closer to exterior of cell)

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15
Q

golgi apparatus

A

processes + packages proteins for secretion, synthesizes sugars to modify lipids + proteins

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16
Q

exocytosis

A

process of vesicle fusing + secreting proteins/sugars to out of cell

17
Q

lysosome

A

contains hydrolysis enzymes which digest macromolecules.

  • digesting substances taken from outside of cell (endocytosis)
  • autophagy: digesting material from inside cell
18
Q

cytoskeleton

A

gives cell shape + internal organization, made of proteins

3D array of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

19
Q

mitochondria

A

ATP production through cellular resperation

  • has its own circular DNA
  • inner + outer membrane
  • self-replicating
20
Q

christae

A

fold in inner membrane, cite of electron transfer system (making ATP)

21
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

archaea + bacteria = eukarya

bacteria turned into organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts

22
Q

macromolecule

A

polymer of a large molecular mass built from covalently-linked subunits (monomers)

23
Q

sugar (monomer) = BLANK polymer/macromolecule

A

polysacharides/carbohydrates

24
Q

fatty acids (monomer) = BLANK polymer/macromolecule

A

fats and membrain lipids

25
Q

amino acids (monomer) = BLANK polymer/macromolecule

A

proteins

26
Q

nucleotides (monomer) = BLANK polymer/macromolecule

A

nucleic acids

27
Q

catabolism

A

the breakdown of molecules for energy + useful small molecules used as building blocks

28
Q

anabolism

A

uses energy to fuel the biosynthesis of molecules that form the cell

29
Q

exergonic reaction

A

-deltaG (energy is released spontaneously)

30
Q

spontanious reaction

A

when energy is released in a reaction and it is energetically favorable for the reaction to happen. does NOT mean the reaction WILL happen, just that it CAN

31
Q

endergonic reaction

A

+deltaG (energy required for reaction, non-spontanious)

32
Q

catalyst

A

lowers the activation energy needed for a specific reaction, does NOT change a reaction from non-spontanious to spontanious

33
Q

activated carrier

A

provides energy for energetically unfavorable reactions (non-spontanious)

34
Q

O
//
— C — O

A

carboxyl (overall negative charge)

35
Q

O
//
— O — P — O
/
O

A

phosphate (overall negative charge)

36
Q

— NH3

A

amino group (overall positive charge)

37
Q

— OH

A

hydroxyl (overall neutral charge)

38
Q

— SH

A

sulfhydryl (overall neutral charge)

intro cell + molec bio (14 decks)

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