week 3 friday

Question 1

asexual reproduction

Answer 1

offspring are genetically identical (to eachother and the parent) and come from a single parent organism

Question 2

sexual reproduction

Answer 2

two parent organisms necessary, genetically distinct + unique offspring due to recombination (crossing over)

Question 3

germ - line cells

Answer 3

cells that become gametes (sex cells)

undergo mitosis and MIEOSIS, pass genetic information to next generation

Question 4

somatic cells

Answer 4

all non germ-line/gemete cells

undergo mitosis but not mieosis

changes CAN happen in these cells genetic material during transcription etc but doesnt get passed onto next generation

Question 5

polyploidy

Answer 5

many copies of homologous chromosomes (ex. 8n)

Question 6

sister chromatids

Answer 6

identical at the nucleotide/sequence level (DNA replication)

2 sister chromatids make up a chromosome

Question 7

homologous chromosomes

Answer 7

chromosomes that pair up with eachother during meiosis, not the same sequence (alleles) but same chromosome (genes)

2 sister chromatids make up one chromosome, in homologous chromosomes there are 4 sister chromatids

Question 8

meiosis

Answer 8

cell division in two parts, halfing the ploidy (2n to n in humans)

Question 9

meiosis 1

Answer 9

the reduction division (homologous chromosomes are seperated)

Question 10

meiosis 2

Answer 10

the equational division (sister chromatids are seperated)

same thing as mitosis just starting with halpoid (n) cells

Question 11

mitosis vs meiosis (1)

Answer 11

mitosis:
sister chromatids lined up and seperated

meiosis (1):
homologous chromosomes lined up and seperated

Question 12

independent assortment

Answer 12

homologous chromosomes attach to microtubules at random (dad on top, mom on bottom or vice versa is equaly as possible)

contributes to genetic diversity (>8 million combos)

Question 13

recombination

Answer 13

aka crossing over

homologous chromosomes pair and form synapses in which the chromosomes swap parts of their genetic information which massivly increases genetic diversity

Question 14

what happens in early profase of mieosis

Answer 14

homologous chromosome pair with eachother (synapses), 4 chromosomes each with 2 sister chromatids

Question 15

what happens in late profase of mieosis

Answer 15

spindle forms + nuclear envelope starts to degrade (still 4 chromosomes each with 2 sister chromatids)

Question 16

what happens in metaphase I of mieosis

Answer 16

homologous chromosomes align in cell center as bivalents (2 chromosomes, 4 sister chromatids)

Question 17

what happens in anaphase I of mieosis

Answer 17

homologs seperate to opposit poles as sister chromatids stay connected at centromere

Question 18

what happens in telophase I of mieosis

Answer 18

actin microtubules squeeze cell center to start cytokenesis and new nuclear envelopes form for each new daughter cell (end up with haploid 2 daugher cells, each with 2 chromosomes)

Question 19

what happens in meisosis II

Answer 19

same process as mitosis just starting with haploid daughter cells from mieosis I

end up with 4 haploid daughter cells, each with one chromosomal pair (chromosome)

Question 20

genotype

Answer 20

collection of alleles in an organism

Question 21

phenotype

Answer 21

physical features of an organism due to genetic code

Question 22

dominant allele

Answer 22

one that is expressed in heterozygous alleles or homozygouse dominant

Question 23

recesive allele

Answer 23

only expressed in homozygouse recesive genomes (aka when dominant allele is not present)

Question 24

law of segragation

Answer 24

each gamete can only receive one allele of any given gene (because of gametes being 1/2 of the full genome, reveive 1 allele from 1 parent)