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Finals > ENT Workshop > Flashcards

ENT Workshop Flashcards

1
Q

where is otitis media infection

A

Inflammation/ infection of middle ear cavity

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2
Q

which examination can reveal perforation in the tympanic membrane

A

otologic

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3
Q

which examination uses frequency of sound to reveal sensorineural hearing loss

A

audiogram

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4
Q

name given to inflammation of the layers covering the brain

A

meningitis

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5
Q

how can meningitis be confirmed

A

lumbar puncture

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6
Q

lumbar puncture involves taking a sample of x which is present around the spinal cord using a needle

A

csf

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7
Q

true or false, an enlarged adenoid can block eustachian tube

A

true

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8
Q

how can common colds lead to otitis media/ middle ear infections

A

mucus cant drain properly so builds up on middle ear
causes eustachian tube to become swollen or blocked

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9
Q

middle ear infections cause inflammation, redness, swelling and build up of fluid behind the x

A

eardrum/ tympanic membrane

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10
Q

why is otitis media more common in children than adults

A

eustachian tube is smaller
adenoids may be bigger
middle ear and nasopharynx more horizontal and shorter
so infection likely

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11
Q

function of the eustachian tube and explain its relation to the middle ear

A

connects middle ears to the back of the throat and nose helps drain fluid and equalize ear pressure in ears

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12
Q

what are the routes of spread of an infection to the middle ear

A

through external ear or eustachian tube

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13
Q

what are some of the complications of otitis media

A

meningitis
deafness
perforation of membrane
dizziness due to semicircular canal damage
facial nerve damage

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14
Q

why do some middle ear infections lead to meningitis

A

brain related superiorly to middle ear hence infections can spread

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15
Q

reason for dizzy with whirling sensation, nausea and vomiting

A

if infection spreads through tympanic membrane to bony labyrinth where semi circular canals are potential for infection to spread to inner ear hence symptoms

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16
Q

reason behind sensorineural hearing loss secondary to otitis media

A

vestibulocochlear nerve damage

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17
Q

what parts of the tympanic membrane can be seen in an otologic examination

A

malleus, middle ear ausicle and structure of tympanic membrane

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18
Q

reason for giving antibiotics for some otitis media patients and what type would patients need

A

abx for meningitis due to systemic infection and should be broad spectrum to cross bbb such as penicillin

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19
Q

what is the term given to decreased smell sensation

A

hyposmia

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20
Q

what is the reason behind hyposmia

A

due to damage to olfactory nerves or olfactory epithelium

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21
Q

discuss 2 major parts of the nose and where the sensory nerves related to olfaction are located

A

2 major nasal cavities divided by nasal septum, sensory nerves located in roof of nasal cavity

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22
Q

where is the vestibule of the nose located

A

anterior most area of the nose near the opening

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23
Q

what is different in the vestibule compared to the rest of the nose

A

vestibule has hair hence infections are more common in this areas

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24
Q

discuss the location of the dangerous area of the face and how this area is related to the most dreadful complications that patients with rhinitis can develop

A

area between nose and upper lip allows infection to spread from facial vein causing cavernous sinus thrombosis

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25
Q

what would be the reason behind someone with rhinitis presenting with conjuctival chemosis and proptosis of the eyeball

A

cavernous sinus thrombosis prevents venous drainage of the eye ball so swells and pushes forward

26
Q

t/f headache and pain across the forehead related to sinusitis

A

true

27
Q

what is usual predisposing factor for an infection in the vestibule particularly in children

A

trauma from picking nose

28
Q

constant nose picking can lead to severe bleeding epistaxis, discuss the vessels contributing to littles areas, where it is located and its significance

A

littles area is in septum, vessels that contribute are anterior ethmoidal artery, posterior ethmoidal artery, sphenopalatine artery and facial artery

29
Q

which paranasal air sinus is located in between the ear and nose

A

ethmoidal sinus

30
Q

which paranasal sinus is located in the maxilla bone

A

maxillary

31
Q

which paranasal air sinus is located behind the maxilla and maxillary sinus

A

sphenoidal

32
Q

function of these paranasal air sinuses are to do what

A

lighten the skull, add resonance to the voice and humidify the air.

33
Q

where do paranasal air sinuses drain into

A

nasal cavity

34
Q

what are palatine tonsils and where are they located

A

lymphocyte structures located on either side of oropharynx

35
Q

what are the 3 parts of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

36
Q

name the different lymphatic structures that are around the region of the pharynx which protect our body immunologically against pathogens

A

palatine tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils, lingual tonsils, tubal tonsils
form waldeyers ring

37
Q

what is the reason for difficulty swallowing in relation to tonsils

A

swelling of the palatine tonsils

38
Q

what is the reason for developing earache in tonsilitis

A

eustachian tube can spread anything from pharynx to middle ear and palatine tonsil innervated by 9th cranial nerve same as ears Glossopharyngeal

39
Q

if a child presents with complaints of mouth breathing and snoring during sleep, which structures would you think are responsible

A

mostly areas of tubal tonsils as affects adenoids, posterior opening of nasal cavity leads to nasal obstruction

40
Q

discuss the routes of spread of any infection from the pharynx to the nearby regions

A

To middle ear through auditory tube, or
descend down through oesophagus and airway

41
Q

what is the reason for tender swellings in the neck in tonsilitis

A

involvement of lymph nodes

42
Q

what technique can be used to diagnose vocal cord palsy by identifying vocal cord immobility

A

laryngoscopy

43
Q

2 ways the external ear can be divided

A

pinna and external auditory canal

44
Q

why might lymph nodes get infected and swell when the tonsils are infected

A

tonsils drained by lymph nodes in the neck

45
Q

is the larynx or the pharynx involved with deglutition/ swallowing

A

pharynx

46
Q

What are the functions of larynx?

A

Phonation and respiration

47
Q

What is the reason for the hoarseness of voice? where are structures producing voice located?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve in larynx (voice box)

48
Q

give some functions for the larynx aka voicebox

A

phonation
inspiration
prevention of food entering lungs

49
Q

probe through the larynx will lead to the lungs. Food should go through the larynx as it can go into the lung and cause aspiration. What structure closes the opening of the larynx to prevent this

A

epiglottis

50
Q

why might patients with tubal tonsil enlargement present with heavy breathing and snoring during sleep during the night

A

if enlarged patient will suffer blocked nose and nasal obstruction

51
Q

the larynx is made of many cartilages to prevent it collapsing, which cartilage forms a complete ring

A

cricoid

52
Q

which cartilage of the larynx is only present anteriorally

A

thyroid

53
Q

what are the 3 major cartilages of the larynx

A

cricoid
thyroid
epiglottis

54
Q

what are the 3 minor cartilages of the larynx

A

cuneiform
corniculate
arytenoid

55
Q

in a closed vocal cord, air comes out. is this associated with phonation or inspiration

A

phonation

56
Q

should the vocal cords be open or closed for inspiration

A

open

57
Q

is abduction or adduction the safety position where the muscle keeps the vocal cord in a closed position

A

abduction

58
Q

which muscle is the most important for the larynx and adducts or abducts the vocal cord (keeps airway open)

A

posterior cricoarytenoid

59
Q

all laryngeal muscles except for which one is supplied by the external laryngeal nerve

A

cricothyroid

60
Q

the external laryngeal nerve is a branch of which cranial nerve

A

vagus 10

61
Q

in recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy the vocal cord will be away from the midline and the patient will present with aspiration of fluid and hoarseness of voice. Why might phonation be bad

A

vocal cords wont be able to close

62
Q

why might a patient with left vocal cord palsy suffer from aspiration of fluids

A

larynx cant approximate and close so fluid enters lung

Finals (29 decks)

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