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EPPP Study > Clinical Psychology > Flashcards

Clinical Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two dimensions of worldview (Sue)

A

Locus of control and Locus of Responsibility

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2
Q

Believe they are in control of their own outcomes and responsible for their success and failures (what kind of LOC and LOR)

A

Internal locus of control and internal locus of responsibility [IC-IR]

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3
Q

Believe they can determine their out outcomes if given the chance but others are responsible for keeping them from doing so (what kind of LOC and LOR)

A

Internal locus of control and external locus of responsibility [IC-ER]

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4
Q

Believe they have little/no control over their outcomes and they are not responsible for them (what kind of LOC and LOR)

A

External locus of control and external locus of responsibility [EC-ER]

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5
Q

Believe they have little control over their outcomes but tend to take responsibility for their failures (what kind of LOC and LOR)

A

External locus of control and internal locus of responsibility [EC, IR]

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6
Q

What kind of responsibility and locus of control is typical of American culture

A

Internal control and internal responsibility

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7
Q

According to Sue, clients with this kind of level of responsibility and control can be hard for white therapists with IC-IR

A

Clients with internal control and external responsibility [IC, ER]

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8
Q

What are the 4 acculturation strategies

A

Integration
Assimilation
Separation
Marginalization

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9
Q

When you retain your own culture and adopt majority culture

A

integration

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10
Q

When you reject your own culture and adopt majority culture

A

assimilation

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11
Q

When you retain your own culture and reject majority culture

A

Separation

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12
Q

When you reject your own culture and reject majority culture

A

Marginalization

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13
Q

When a person accepts society’s negative beliefs/stereotypes about their own racial group

A

Internalized Racism

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14
Q

Discrimination based on skin hue/color, hair texture, eye color, preference for lighter skin (can be a form of internalized racism)

A

Colorism

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15
Q

Brief or commonplace daily, verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities and intentional or unintentional

A

microaggression

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16
Q

3 types of microaggressions

A

Micro assault
Micro insult
Micro invalidation

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17
Q

Explicit, usually intentional and meant to hurt; “old fashioned racism”

A

Micro assault (exp: name calling)

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18
Q

Verbal and nonverbal; insensitive or demeaning and pathologizing of culture, communication styles, and assuming race makes them dangerous/deviant

A

Micro insult (exp: believe Black people are hired because of affirmative action)

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19
Q

Exclude, negate thoughts, feelings or experiential reality of POC; assuming POC are foreigners, color blindness/not acknowledging race or impacts of race

A

Micro invalidation (exp: assuming Asian student wasn’t born in the US; complimenting them on their English)

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20
Q

This refers to the different perspectives that psychologists can take when working with clients from different cultural backgrounds about cultural interventions

A

Emic vs. Etic

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21
Q

Emic Perspective

A

Bx is affected by culture so psychological theories and interventions may not apply the same across cultures

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22
Q

Etic Perspective

A

Bx is similar across cultures and the same psychological theories and interventions are appropriate for everyone regardless of cultural background

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23
Q

This term explains the inability of some mental health professionals to work effectively with people of different cultural backgrounds; these mental health professionals are insensitive to cultural differences and believe their own cultural assumptions about mental health or normality applies to people from all cultural backgrounds

A

cultural encapsulation

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24
Q

Psychologist who’s work highlights White Privilege

A

Peggy McIntosh

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25
Q

These interventions focus on making changes in the client so they can adapt to the environment

A

Autoplastic interventions; strategies including gaining insight into problems or changing behaviors

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26
Q

These interventions focus on altering the environment/situation to fit client’s needs, desires, attributes

A

Alloplastic interventions; strategies including removing self from stressful situation (changing jobs)

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27
Q

What are tight cultures and what are some examples

A

Strong social norms
Decreased tolerance for deviant bxs
Greater conformity
Risk avoidant bxs
Preference for Stability
Lower openness to change
Higher conscientiousness
Exps: Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, Pakistan, Malaysia, India
Tight cultures tend to have high population densities, greater vulnerability to natural disasters & disease & scarcity of resources so strong norms and punishments are required for survival

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28
Q

What are loose cultures and what are some examples

A

Weak social norms
Increased tolerance for deviant bxs
Greater willingness to take risks
Greater openness to change and innovation
Exps: California, Oregon, Washington, Estonia, Hungary, Israel

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29
Q

This communication style relies on group understanding, non-verbal messages, and is characteristic of several minority groups

A

High context communication style (may be used by many African Americans)

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30
Q

This communication styles relies on the verbal message independent of context

A

Lox context communication style [characteristic of white (mainstream) cultural]

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31
Q

Diagnostic Overshadowing

A

tendency to attribute all of a person’s problems to a previous diagnosis or demographic factor without considering something else or overlooking other problems (exp: assuming presenting problem of gay people is due to sexual orientation and not something else)

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32
Q

Minority Stress Theory explains increased risk for mental health problems among which population

A

Sexual minorities due to chronic stress and stigma; has also been applied to other minority groups

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33
Q

Stress within the person including concealment, fear of rejection, and internalized heterosexism

A

Proximal stress (close)

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34
Q

What is ascribed status

A

It’s related to credibility and it’s the position or role assigned to therapists by client’s culture; for example, age and gender can contribute to this in certain cultures

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35
Q

What is achieved status

A

It’s related to credibility and is based on the therapist’s expertise and experience working with client’s of a particular culture

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36
Q

The fidelity adaptation dilemma is related to what

A

Evidenced Based Treatments and efforts to make them more culturally relevant. The concern is that doing so may impact standardization; but research has found that cultural adaptations benefit outcomes especially for adults and populations that need the modification (language and acculturation issues) and when adding to a protocol instead of taking away from it

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37
Q

With this population, eye contact may be seen as disrespectful and a firm handshake may be seen as aggressive

A

American indians

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38
Q

With this population, using a therapy network to provide support and engaging in collaborative problem solving that is client centered and not very directive is preferred

A

American Indian

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39
Q

These terms refer to male dominance and female submissiveness respectively in Spanish

A

Machismo and Marianismo

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40
Q

This population may find it effective to use folktales, proverbs, and idioms to present models of adaptive bxs and help express feelings

A

Hispanic/Latin Americans

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41
Q

For this population, fear of losing face and shame are motivators for bx and may keep them from expressing emotions and discussing personal problems

A

Asian American

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42
Q

This population may prefer the therapist to maintain a formal style and an expert role

A

Asian American

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43
Q

True or False, LGBTQ clients may be twice as likely as heterosexual clients to have mental disorders

A

true

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44
Q

True or False, bisexual clients may be more likely than gay and lesbian clients to have mental disorders

A

true

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45
Q

Who has higher therapy utilization, gay men or lesbian women

A

Gay men

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46
Q

Who has higher therapy utilization, bisexual men or bisexual women

A

they have similar utilization

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47
Q

Social disapproval that leads to discrimination and stigmatizes non-heterosexual identity, relationships, and behaviors

A

heterosexism

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48
Q

true or false, mental disorders are lower in older adults (besides neurocognitive disorders)

A

true

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49
Q

What diagnoses are most common among older adults

A

Anxiety and Depression (but most likely to complain of physical and cognitive sxs rather than sadness)

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50
Q

What is the integration paradox

A

higher status immigrants (more education and economically successful) are more likely than lower status immigrants to report experiences of discrimination and disrespect and are less likely to have positive attitudes about mainstream culture.
One explanation is that they have increased likelihood of experiencing discrimination because of their social standing. Another explanation is that they are more likely to see bxs as discrimination due to sophisticated cognitive abilities

51
Q

What is the immigration paradox

A

For some immigrant groups, new immigrants tend to have better physical and mental health and educational outcomes compared to more established immigrants and non immigrants

52
Q

This therapy developed by Glasser (1965) is based on choice theory which proposes that the ways a person chooses to fulfill his or her needs determines whether they have a success or failure identity

A

Reality Therapy

53
Q

What are the 5 basic innate needs of Reality Therapy

A

love and belonging
power
fun
freedom
survival

54
Q

According to Reality Therapy, when a person chooses to fulfill their needs responsibly (in a positive way that don’t infringe on the right of others), they have what kind of identity;

When they do it irresponsibly (negatively in a way that infringes upon the rights of others) they have a what kind of identity?

A

success identity
failure identity

55
Q

What is the WDEP system intervention from reality therapy

A
  1. Ask clients about their WANTS and needs
  2. Determine what they are currently DOING to foster awareness of their behaviors
  3. Encourage the client to EVALUATE their behaviors
  4. Help the client create a PLAN of action
56
Q

This therapy focuses on how people construe (perceive, interpret, and anticipate) events. People can change how they do this to alleviate undesirable behaviors and outcomes. What theory does this therapy come from?

A

Personal Construct Therapy
Humanistic/Existential

57
Q

This type of therapy is about valued subjective experiences: well-being, contentment, and satisfaction (in the past); hope and optimism (for the future); and flow and happiness (in the present)

A

Positive Psychology

58
Q

What is the state in positive psychology where people are so involved in an activity that nothing else seems to matter; they are most likely to experience this when there is a challenge-skill balance

A

Flow

59
Q

The distinctive characteristic of this existential/humanistic theory is its emphasis on the scientific method to evaluate its theories, concepts, and interventions

A

Positive psychology

60
Q

Yalom, May, and Frnakl helped create what branch of theory and what is the primary goal of this therapy

A

Existential Therapies ; help clients lead more authentic lives by assisting them in taking charge of their life, helping them choose values and and purposes that define and guide their existence

61
Q

This group of therapies emphasize personal responsibility and choice and view psychological disturbances as the result of inability to resolve conflicts that arise when facing 4 ultimate concerns

A

Existential Therapies

62
Q

What are the ultimate concerns of existence according to existential therapies

A

death, freedom, isolation, and meaningless

63
Q

According to existential therapists, what is the difference between normal (existential) anxiety and neurotic anxiety

A

Existential anxiety (normal) is proportional to an object threat and can be used constructive to identify and confront conditions that elicit it and can motivate positive change

Neurotic anxiety is disproportionate to an objective threat, involves repression, and keeps people from reaching their full potential

64
Q

This therapy is based on the assumption that people are motivated to maintain a state of homeostasis which is repeatedly disrupted by unfulfilled physical and psychological needs. It also posits that neurosis (maladjustment) occurs when there’s a persistent boundary disturbance between the person and the environment that interferes with the person’s ability to fulfill their needs

A

Gestalt Therapy

65
Q

This boundary disturbance (Gestalt Therapy) occurs when people adopt the beliefs, standards, and values of others without evaluation of awareness

A

introjection

66
Q

This boundary disturbance (Gestalt Therapy) occurs when people attribute undesirable aspects of themselves to other people

A

Projection

67
Q

This occurs when people do to themselves what they’d like to do to others (Gestalt Therapy)

A

Retroflection

68
Q

This occurs when people avoid contact with the environment (Gestalt Therapy)

A

Deflection

69
Q

This occurs when people blur the distinction between themselves and others (Gestalt Therapy)

A

Confluences

70
Q

Dream work and empty chair are techniques used in this therapy to help clients accomplish the ultimate goal of gaining awareness of their current thoughts, feelings, and actions

A

Gestalt Therapy

71
Q

The goal of this therapy is to help the client become a “fully functioning person” who is not defensive, is open to new experiences, and is engaged in the process of self-actualization

A

Person Centered Therapy

72
Q

What are the similarities between humanistic and existential therapies

A

Similarities: focus on the here and now, prioritize client’s subjective experiences over reality (phenomenological orientation), reject medical model and use of labels, focus on client’s internal qualities rather than sxs

73
Q

What are the differences between humanistic and existential therapies

A

Humanistic therapies emphasize acceptance and growth and help clients become more fully functioning and self-actualizing

Existential therapies emphasize freedom and responsibility and help clients confront anxieties that arise from the awareness of one’s existential condition

74
Q

What aspects makes Jung’s Analytical Psychology different from Freudian

A

Jung believed in both positive and negative forces as drives, that personality develops throughout lifespan, behavior is affected by past and future. Also, divided unconscious aspects of the psyche into personal and collective unconscious

75
Q

In Jungian theory, this is a person’s own forgotten or repressed memories while this consists of memories that are shared by all people and passed down from one generation to the next (universal thoughts and images that predispose people to act in similar ways in certain circumstances)

A

Personal unconscious ; collective unconscious

76
Q

What are the archetypes of the collective unconscious

A

persona, shadow, hero, anima, and animus

They are expressed in myths, symbols, and dreams

77
Q

This goal of Jungian analytical psychotherapy is the process by which a person becomes a psychological individual that is a separate and indivisible unity or whole

A

Individuation

78
Q

This therapy reflects a deterministic and pessimistic view of human nature that views current psychological problems as being due to unconscious conflicts from childhood

A

Freudian psychoanalysis

79
Q

According to Freud This was present at birth and it’s life and death instincts are the primary source of psychic energy; operates according to pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification

A

Id

80
Q

According to FreudThis develops at about 6 months of age and operates according to reality principle. seeks to partially gratify instincts in realistic and rational ways

A

Ego

81
Q

According to Freud, this is the last aspect of personality to develop and it represents internalization of society’s value and standards and acts as a conscious. Attempts to permanently block id’s instincts

A

Super ego

82
Q

This is an immature defense that involves refusing to acknowledge distressing aspects of reality. Includes ignoring, distorting, and rejecting reality

A

Denial

83
Q

This defense mechanism is the basis of all other defense mechanisms, is involuntary, and involves keeping undesirable thoughts and urges out of conscious awareness

A

Repression

84
Q

This defense mechanism involves defensing against an unacceptable impulse by expressing it’s opposite

A

Reaction formation

85
Q

This defense mechanism involves channeling an unacceptable impulse into a socially desirable and often admirable endeavor

A

Sublimation

86
Q

What are the 4 steps in the analysis process according to Freudian psychoanalysis

A
  1. Confrontation- helping clients recognize bxs they’ve been unaware of
  2. Clarification- brings cause of bxs into sharper focus
  3. Interpretation- explicitly linking conscious bxs to unconscious processes
87
Q

What are the 5 stages of Sue’s Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (R/CID):

A
  1. Conformity
  2. Dissonance
  3. Resistance and Immersion
  4. Introspection
  5. Integrative Awareness
88
Q

What are the 5 stages of Cross’s Black Racial Identity Development Model (formerly known as Nigrescence Model)

A
  1. Pre-Encounter
  2. Encounter
  3. Immersion-Emersion
  4. Internalization
  5. Internalization-Commitment
89
Q

What is racial salience

A

extent to which a person’s race is a relevant part of his/her self concept at a particular point in time and in a particular situation

90
Q

What is racial centrality

A

extent to which a person normatively defines him/herself in terms of race and is affected by the importance of race to the person relative to other identities. This is relatively stable across situations

91
Q

What is racial regard and it’s two parts

A

Private regard- refers to the extent to which a person feels positively or negatively toward African Americans and how positively or negatively they feel about being African American

Public regard- extent to which a person feels that others view African Americans positively or negatively

92
Q

What is racial ideology

A

refers to a person’s beliefs and opinions about the ways African Americans should live and interact with society.

4 kinds
1. nationalist
2. oppressed minority
3. assimilationist
4. humanist

93
Q

What are the stages of Trioden’s Model of Homosexual Identity Development

A
  1. Sensitization- feeling different from same sex peers
  2. Identity Confusion- start to feel sexual attraction to same sex and suspect that you are gay which leads to anxiety and denial, avoidance, repair, redefinition, and repair
  3. Identity Assumption-Begin to accept homesexuality as a way of life
94
Q

According to Jung, _________ involves bringing aspects of the personal and collective unconscious into consciousness

A

individuation

(integrating the conscious and unconscious aspects of one’s personality in order to develop a unique identity

95
Q

“collaborative empiricism” is most related to what theory

A

Beck’s CBT

96
Q

Helping clients to achieve awareness of his/her thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in the here and now is a primary goal of what therapy

A

Gestalt

This is a curative factor that enables a person to make better choices, satisfy their needs, and become a unified whole

97
Q

3 theories contributed to the foundations of family therapy. What are those three systems?

A
  1. General systems theory (predicts that all systems consist of interacting components, are governed by same rules, and try to maintain homeostasis)
  2. Cybernetic theory
    (distinguishes between negative and positive feedback loops)
  3. Communications theory
    (certain repetitive patterns of communication can cause problems)
97
Q

What kind of feedback loops, according to cybernetics theory, resist change and help maintain the status quo

A

negative feedback loops

(positive amplify change and disrupt the status quo)

98
Q

What type of interaction, according to Bateson’s communication theory reflects equality and can occur when the bx of one person elicits a similar type of bx from the other person. This type of interaction can escalate quickly and become a one upmanship game

Symmetrical or Complementary

A

Symmetrical

Problems occur in families when interactions are exclusively symmetrical or complementary

99
Q

These type of interactions reflect inequality. One person may assume a dominant role while the other assumes a subordinate role.

symmetrical or complimentary

A

Complimentary

Problems occur in families when interactions are exclusively symmetrical or complementary

100
Q

Multigenerational Transmission Process is described by what theory

A

Bowen’s Extended Family Systems Theory

(refers to the transmission of emotional immaturity from one generation to the next–extension of the family projection process)

101
Q

According to Minuchin’s structural family therapy, what is an unstable coalition (also known as triangulation)

A

Occurs when each parent demands the child side with them

(a stable coalition is when one parents and a child have an inflexible alliance against the other parent)

102
Q

According to Minuchin’s structural family therapy, what is a detouring attack coalition? What is a detouring support coalition?

A

Detouring attack: when parents avoid the conflict between them by blaming the child for their problems

Detouring support: when parents avoid their own conflict by overprotecting the child

103
Q

These directives in Hayley’s strategic family therapy are to help the family realize that they have control over problematic bxs and they include prescribing the sxs, restraining, and ordeals

A

Paradoxical directives

104
Q

This is an unpleasant task that a family member is asked to perform whenever they engage in an undesirable bx

A

ordeal

105
Q

Blaming, Computing, Distracting, and Placating are 4 dysfunctional communication styles identified by who/what family therapy and what are they

A

Satir’s conjoint Family Therapy

Placating- agreeing with others due to fear, dependency, etc

Blaming- involves accusing, judging, and bully to avoid responsibility or vulnerability

Computing- taking an overly intellectual and rational approach to avoid being emotionally engaged

Distracting- changing the subject, inappropriate jokes to avoid conflict

106
Q

These are systematic errors in reasoning that often affect thinking when a stressful situation triggers a dysfunctional schema that in turn affects the content of automatic thoughts

A

cognitive distortions

107
Q

This distortion involves drawing negative conclusions without any supporting evidence

A

arbitrary inference

108
Q

This distortion involves paying attention to and exaggerating a minor negative detail of a situation while ignoring other aspects of the situation

A

selective abstraction

109
Q

This distortion involves concluding that one’s actions caused an external event without evidence for that conclusion

A

personalization

110
Q

What are the three phases in Michenbaum’s Stress Inoculation Training

A
  1. initial conceptualization/
    education phase (clients are provided information about stress and its effects and encouraged to view stressful situations as “problems to be solved)
  2. Skills acquisition and consolidation phase (clients learn a variety of cognitive and behavioral coping skills including relaxation, self instruction, and problem solving)
  3. Application and follow through phase (clients use newly acquire coping skills, first in imagination and then real life)
111
Q

This CBT intervention developed by Meichenbaum was initially developed to teach problem solving skills to children with high levels of impulsivity, it has since been applied to other populations and problems

A

Self-Instructional Training

112
Q

What are the 5 stages of Meichenbaum’s Self-Instructional Training

A
  1. Cognitive modeling stage (children observe, the model verbalizes instructions)
  2. Overt external guidance stage (children do the same task while model verbalizes instructions)
  3. Overt self-guidance stage (children do task while verbalizing the instructions)
  4. Faded overt guidance stage (children do the task while whispering instructions)
  5. Covert self-instruction stage (children do task and repeat instructions to themselves silently)
113
Q

According to ACT, what is the difference between clean and dirty pain

A

clean pain is natural levels of physical and psychological pain that are inevitable and can’t be controlled

dirty pain refers to the emotional suffering that’s caused by attempts to control or resist pain

114
Q

Experiential acceptance
Cognitive defusion
Being present
Awareness of self as context
Values based action
Committed Action
are the 6 core processes of what?

A

ACT

115
Q

This is considered to be an EBT for chronic pain, psychosis, depression, anxiety, and OCD

A

ACT

115
Q

metaphors, mindfulness, and experiential exercises are interventions for what theory

A

ACT

116
Q

Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction is a group program to help people cope with stress, pain, and illness through teaching awareness of breathing, yoga, sitting and walking meditation. How many sessions is it?

A

8

117
Q

This 8 session group program combines Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction and CBT to help clients become self aware and de-center from distressing thoughts, feelings, bodily sensations, and behaviors

A

Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy

118
Q

What do the letters in Elli’s Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy stand for? This process helps to explain psychological disturbance and the process of change in therapy.

A

A: activating event
B: client’s irrational belief
C: emotional and behavioral consequence of that belief
D: how therapist disputes client’s irrational belief
E: effect of the therapist techniques, the replacement of the irrational belief with a rational one

119
Q

Both Cognitive Therapy for Suicide Prevention (CT-SP) and Brief Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (BCBT) for suicide prevention consists of 3 phases, what are they

A
  1. emotion regulation
  2. cognitive flexibility
  3. relapse prevention
120
Q

Research has found that for patients with MDD, the extent of improvement in depressive sxs following participation in CBT are positively correlated with increases in the volume of what

A

anterior cingulate cortex

121
Q
A

EPPP Study (16 decks)

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