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EPPP Study > Physiological Psych & Pharmacology 2 > Flashcards

Physiological Psych & Pharmacology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Areas in the left (dominant) hemisphere mediate what

A

Happiness and other positive emotions

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2
Q

Damage to the left (dominant) hemisphere produces a ___________ that involves depression, anxiety, fear, and paranoia

A

Catastrophic reaction

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3
Q

Areas in the right (nondominant hemisphere) mediate what

A

sadness and other negative emotions

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4
Q

Damage to the right (nondominant) hemisphere produces a _______ that involves inappropriate difference and/or euphoria

A

indifference reaction

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5
Q

This part of the limbic system is responsible for recognizing fear in facial expressions, attaching emotions to memories, and evaluating incoming information to determine its emotional significant and then mediating the emotional reaction to it

A

Amygdala

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6
Q

This regulates the physical signs of emotions through its communication with the autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland.

A

hypothalamus

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7
Q

What are the stages is Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome model of stress and what happens at each stage

A
  1. Alarm Reaction Stage (activity of sympathetic nervous system gives the body energy to respond to stressor with a fight or flight reaction)
  2. Resistance Stage (if stressor persists, cortisol continues to circulate to help body maintain energy level to cope with stressor)
  3. Exhaustion Stage (physiological processes begin to break down)
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8
Q

Why has Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome model of stress been challenged

A

research shows that physiological, psychological, and behavioral responses to stress aren’t all the same but are affected by the type of stress, the person’s genetic makeup, and their previous experiences (allostatic load model re-conceptualizes this)

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9
Q

The Allostatic Load Model posits that what is the key organ of stress (that determines what’s threatening and stressful)

A

the brain

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10
Q

________ refers to processes that allow the body to achieve stability by adapting to change

A

Allostasis

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11
Q

________ refers to an extended allostatic state that is due to chronic stress or repeated episodes of acute stress that can produce wear and tear on the body and brain

A

allostatic load

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12
Q

_________ is when allostatic load continues for days, weeks, or longer and has adverse effects on a person’s physical and psychological health

A

allostatic overload

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13
Q

This theory or emotion proposes that experiences of emotion follows physiological arousal (a person sees a bear in the woods and their heart beats fast and breathing more shallow and that causes them to feel afraid)

A

James-Lange Theory

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14
Q

This theory of emotion proposes that the experience of emotion and physiological arousal occur together when an environmental stimulus causes the thalamus to send signals to the cerebral cortex and sympathetic nervous system. This theory views all emotions as having similar physiological arousal

A

Cannon-Bard Theory

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15
Q

What is the facial feedback hypothesis

A

related to James-Lange Theory and predicts that facial expressions are associated with specific emotions and when we make them, we feel those emotions (smiling makes us feel happy)

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16
Q

This theory of emotion proposes that experiences of emotion are a result of physiological arousal followed by an attribution (cognitive label). It proposes that physiological arousal for most emotions are the same, but the cognitive appraisal, which is based on the external cues makes the differences

A

Schachter and Singer 2 factor theory

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17
Q

The epinephrine studies in which subjects looked for external cues to explain their ambiguous physiological arousal provides evidence for what theory of emotion

A

Schachter and Singer 2 factor theory
Also led to a lot of studies about the misattribution of emotion

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18
Q

What is Zillman’s excitation transfer theory

A

Related to Schachter and Singer’s 2 factor theory, this theory explains that residual physiological arousal from an event can be transferred to and amplify the arousal of a subsequent and unrelated event
(exp: watching a violent film can make people more likely to be aggressive to a confederate they encounter later)

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19
Q

This theory of emotion proposes that emotional reactions are due to cognitive appraisals and therefore 2 people experiencing the same event can have 2 different emotional reactions to it; Also proposes that physiological responses follow appraisals

A

Lazarus’ Cognitive Appraisal Theory

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20
Q

Lazarus’ Cognitive Appraisal Theory differentiates between 3 types of appraisal. What are they?

A
  1. Primary Appraisal- evaluating an event to determine if it’s stressful and if so what kind of stress? Is it a threat? Harm? Loss? etc (this can be determined by beliefs, values, expectations, etc)
  2. Secondary Appraisal- if the event is stressful, identifying coping options and if they have the resources to manage stress
  3. Reappraisal- person continues to monitor the situation and if they need to make changes to primary or secondary appraisal
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21
Q

LeDoux’s 2 System Theory proposes that what 2 systems are involved in mediating fear

A
  1. Subcortical System (survival system; low road)- responds quickly and automatically to sensory info about threats with physiological and behavior responses. The amygdala is a big part of this system
  2. Cortical System (conscious emotional system; high road)- processes info from the sense, subcortical system, memory, and uses cognition to determine if a stimulus is threatening and requires a fear response. Involves sensory cortex and frontal cortex.
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22
Q

Schizophrenia is due to ______ levels of what neurotransmitter

A

high levels of Dopamine (of hyperactive dopamine receptors)

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23
Q

Low levels of Dopamine in the substantia nigra is linked to what disorder

A

Parkinson’s

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24
Q

Excessive levels of dopamine in the caudate nucleus is linked to what disorder

A

Tourette’s

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25
Q

What dopamine pathway is known as the “reward circuit” and plays a role in the reinforcing effects of cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, alcohol, opiates, and other substances

A

Mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway

ends in the striatum (nucleus accumbens)

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26
Q

The mesocortical dopaminergic pathway is involved with

A

emotion, motivation, and executive cognitive functions

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27
Q

The nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway is involved in

A

the production of purposeful movement

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28
Q

This neurotransmitter is involved with movement, personality, mood, and sleep

A

Dopamine

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29
Q

This neurotransmitter is involved in movement, arousal, attention, and memory

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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30
Q

Low levels of ACh in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus is linked to what

A

early memory loss associated with Alzheimer’s

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31
Q

This neurotransmitter contributes to movement, emotions, learning, and memory

A

Glutamate

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32
Q

Cell damage and death is caused by excessive amounts of what neurotransmitter

A

Glutamate
“Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity”

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33
Q

Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity can cause what conditions

A

stroke, seizure, neurodegenerative disease including Huntington’s and Alzheimer’s

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34
Q

This neurotransmitter is involved in arousal, attention, learning, memory, stress, and mood

A

Norepinephrine

35
Q

According to the catecholamine hypothesis, some forms of Depression are caused by ___________ norepinephrine while mania is caused by _______________ norepinephrine

A

Depression caused by deficiency of norepinephrine and mania cause by excessive norepinephrine

36
Q

This neurotransmitter is involved in arousal, sleep, sexual activity, mood, appetite, and pain

A

Serotonin

37
Q

Depression and Increased risk of suicide have been linked to ___________ levels of serotonin

A

Low

38
Q

Bulimia, OCD, and migraine’s have been linked to _________ levels of serotonin

A

Low

39
Q

Higher than normal blood levels of serotonin have been found in individuals with which 2 disorders

A

Autism Spectrum and Chronic Schizophrenia (have enlarged cerebral ventricles or cerebral atrophy)

40
Q

There’s evidence that people with anorexia have higher than normal brain levels of __________ which cause anxiety and obsessive thinking and that food restriction lowers these sxs

A

Serotonin

41
Q

This neurotransmitter is involved in memory, mood, arousal, sleep, and motor control

A

GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)

42
Q

Low levels of GABA have been linked to

A

insomnia, seizures, and anxiety

43
Q

Benzodiazepines reduce anxiety and induce sleep by amplifying the effects of what neurotransmitter

A

GABA

44
Q

Degeneration of GABA and ACh in the basal ganglia contributes to the motor sxs of what

A

Huntington’s

45
Q

Lobe where the auditory cortex is located

A

Temporal Lobe

46
Q

Lobe where and Wernicke’s area is located;

A

Temporal Lobe

47
Q

Damage to the arcuate fasciculus, which connects Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas causes what kind of aphasia which is characterized by intact comprehension with fluent speech that contains many errors, impaired repetition, and anomia

A

Conduction aphasia

48
Q

Lobe where the somatosensory cortex is located and damage here can cause one or more somatosensory agnosias

A

Parietal Lobe

49
Q

Inability to recognize objects by touch

A

Tactile agnosia

50
Q

Lack of interest in or recognition of one or more parts of one’s own body

A

Asomatognosia

51
Q

Denial of one’s illness

A

Anosognosia

52
Q

What is hemispatial neglect (also known as contralateral neglect and unilateral neglect)

A

involves neglect of one’s side of the body and stimuli on that side of the body. Usually due to damage on right (nondominant) side of parietal lobe and involves neglect of left side of body

53
Q

Involves inability to perform a motor activity in response to a verbal command (exp: pretend to comb your hair)

A

Ideomotor apraxia
Usually caused by damage to left (dominant) parietal lobe)

54
Q

involves inability to plan and execute a task that requires a sequence of actions
(exp: inability to complete the steps needed to make a sandwich)

A

Ideational Apraxia

55
Q

This syndrome involves finger agnosia, right-left disorientation, agraphia (loss of writing skills) and acalculia (loss of arithmetic skills)

A

Gerstmann’s syndrome

56
Q

Gerstmann’s Syndrome, hemispatial neglect, ideomotor apraxia, and ideational apraxia are caused by damage to which lobe

A

Parietal lobe

57
Q

This lobe contains the visual cortex

A

Occipital lobe

58
Q

Damage to this lobe can cause visual agnosia, visual hallucinations, achromatopsia (loss of color vision), or cortical blindness

A

Occipital lobe

59
Q

Occurs when the primary visual cortex is damaged while the eyes and optic nerves are intact

A

cortical blindness

60
Q

When the visual cortex in the left hemisphere is damaged, blindness effects which visual field?

A

Right (vice versa for damage on the right side)

61
Q

Occurs when you do not consciously see a visual stimulus but have appropriate physiological and behavioral responses to it (reaching for objects you claim you cannot see)

A

blindsight
(when it involves responding appropriately to an emotional visual stimulus without consciously seeing the stimulus, it’s referred to as affective blindsight)

62
Q

Inability to recognize the faces of familiar people and in some cases, one’s own face

A

Prosopagnosia

(caused by bilateral lesions in the occipitotemporal junction)

63
Q

Broca’s area is found in what lobe

A

Frontal lobe

64
Q

The supplementary motor cortex, premotor cortex, and primary motor cortex is found in which lobe

A

Front lobe

65
Q

Thin outer layer of the brain; divided into right and left hemispheres

A

cerebral cortex

66
Q

People with this disorder have slow, labored speech that consists primarily of nouns and verbs. They also exhibit impaired repetition and anomia. But their comprehension of written and spoken language stays relatively in tact

A

Broca’s aphasia

67
Q

impaired comprehension of written and spoken language, impaired repetition, and anomia

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

68
Q

inability to recall the names of familiar objects

A

anomia

69
Q

Plays an important roles in executive functions, also known as higher-order cognitive functions including planning, decision making, social judgment, and self-monitoring; also contributes to working memory, prospective memory (memory for future events) , and emotion regulation

A

pre frontal cortex

70
Q

Damage here can cause concrete thinking, impaired judgment and insight, poor planning ability, deficits in working memory, perseverative responses, and disinterest and apathy

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

71
Q

Damage here can cause poor impulse control, social inappropriateness, lack of concern for others, aggressive, and antisocial behavior, distractibility, and affective lability

A

Orbiotofrontal cortex

72
Q

Damage here can cause impaired decision making and moral judgment, lack of insight, deficits in social cognition (impaired emotion recognition and reduced empathy), confabulation, and blunted emotional responses

A

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

73
Q

In response to the supplementary motor cortex and premotor cortex, _________ executes movements by sending signals to the muscles

A

primary motor cortex

74
Q

This area of the cortex is involved in planning and coordinating self-initiated complex movements and is active not only when people perform movements but also when they imagine performing them and when watching another perform them

A

Supplementary motor cortex

75
Q

This area of the cortex is involved in planning and coordinating complex movements that are triggered by external (sensory) stimuli. Active when people perform movements and also when they imagine performing them or watching others perform them

A

Premotor cortex

76
Q

For about 95% of right handed people and 50-70% of left handed people, written and spoken language, logical and analytical thinking, and positive emotions are _____ hemisphere functions

A

left

77
Q

For most people, holistic thinking, intuition, understanding spatial relationships, creativity, and negative emotions are functions of the ____ hemisphere

A

right

78
Q

Which is the dominant hemisphere for most people and which is the nondominant

A

left is dominant; right is nondominant

79
Q

For most sensory and motor functions the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body and the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body. What is the exception

A

smell; odors that enter the left nostril are transmitted directly to the left hemisphere and vice versa

80
Q

The main bundle of nerve fibers that allows the two hemispheres to share information with each other

A

corpus callosum

81
Q

Finger agnosia, left-right confusion, agraphia, and acalculia are sxs of what syndrome and are due to damage where in what lobe of the brain

A

Gerstmann’s syndrome ;
Parietal lobe

82
Q

The ________ helps maintain the body’s homeostasis by regulating body temperature, fluid and electrolyte balance, blood pressure, and other important fxs

A

hypothalamus

83
Q

Electrical stimulation of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) will have which effect

A

A sleeping person will wake up and an awake person will become more alert

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