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ARRT Kettering > Meaghan Piretti X-ray Production/Equipment > Flashcards

Meaghan Piretti X-ray Production/Equipment Flashcards

1
Q

Incoming Power Supply

A

A/C supply
220 Volts

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2
Q

Master Power Switch

A

Single Throw Double Blade Switch
Big switch on wall

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3
Q

Fuses (circuit breaker) job/location:

A

Protects equipment from excessive current
Located on primary side

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4
Q

Line Voltage Meter (compensator) job/location

A

Primary or low circuit
Measuring incoming line voltage
Detects a surge or drop
Maintains 220 volts to auto transformer

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5
Q

Auto transformer job/location:

A

Operates on self induction
Works off A/C
Low voltage/primary circuit side
KV selection (not production)
Determines line voltage sent to step up transformer

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6
Q

MA selector (Rheostat) (variable resistor) job/location

A

Regulates amperage/regulates thermionic emission
Think thermostat
Think Dimmer on a light switch
Location:low voltage- filament circuit

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7
Q

Step up transformer job/location:

A

Mutual Induction (2 wires)
More turns on secondary side
Works off AC
Increases Volts to Kilovolts
We need high Volts to produce x-rays

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8
Q

Step-Down Transformer job/location:

A

Filament transformer
Mutual Induction
More turns on primary side
2 jobs!
1. Decreases Voltage
2. Increases Amperage

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9
Q

Rectifier job/location:

A

Changes AC to DC
Solid state semiconductor
4 diodes

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10
Q

Single phase voltage ripple:

A

100% (the worst)

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11
Q

3 phase, 6 pulse voltage ripple:

A

14% (old equipment bad)

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12
Q

3 phase, 12 pulse voltage ripple:

A

4% (not as bad but aril not the best)

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13
Q

High frequency voltage ripple:

A

Less than 1% or 1
(Best) (newest equipment)

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14
Q

Place the voltage ripple in order:

A

Half wave, full wave, three-phase six pulse, three phase twelve pulse, high frequency

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15
Q

What voltage ripple is preferred?

A

High frequency (1% or 1)

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16
Q

Heat Units Definition:

A

Calculation of the total heat produced during an x-ray exposure

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17
Q

Heat Units Calculation for High Frequency:

A

kVp x mA x s x 1.45 (1.44)

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18
Q

Falling Load Generator Definition:

A

Provides extremely short exposure times by taking advantage of tube heat loading potential

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19
Q

4 things needed to produce x-rays:

A

Source of free electrons
-thermionic emission-filament heats up-mA
-cathode side-negative
A means of accelerating electrons
-potential difference (EMF/Voltage) kVp
A way to focus the electrons
-focusing cup (focuses the electrons toward the anode)
-molybdenum or Nickle
A means to decelerate these electrons
-rapidly stopping sudden deceleration
Anode- positive side made of Tungsten Rhenium

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20
Q

What is the focusing cup made of?

A

Molybdenum or Nickel

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21
Q

Anode is made of?

A

Tungsten Rhenium

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22
Q

The cathode is what charge?

A

Negative

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23
Q

The anode is what charge?

A

Positive

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24
Q

Source of electrons is a _________ at the __________ side of the tube.

A

Filament; cathode end

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25
Q

The filament consists of a:

A

Small coil of tungsten wire

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26
Q

As it is heated up the increased energy enables electrons to be released from the filament through:

A

Thermionic emission

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27
Q

The __________ provides the electron source for x-ray production.

A

Electron cloud

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28
Q

If you _____________, you increase the ____________; which in turn ___________ this leads to more x-ray photons being created.

A

Increase the mA, Increase the filament current, increases the tube current

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29
Q

The free electrons must be accelerated through the x-ray tube from _______ to _______.

A

Cathode to Anode

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30
Q

__________ forces the electrons across the tube giving them kinetic energy.

A

Voltage, Kilovoltage Peak (kVp) (tube potential)

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31
Q

The higher the kVp the more/less energy the accelerating electrons will have?

A

More

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32
Q

A _________ houses the filament wires

A

Focusing cup

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33
Q

When the kVp is applied the electrons are focused in a ________ beam.

A

Narrow

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34
Q

The focusing cup holds the released electrons in a tiny cloud sound the filament wires called the:

A

Space Charge

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35
Q

Electrons are directed from the:

A

Cathode toward the anode to the area of the focal track

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36
Q

_____ of elections are absorbed as heat.

A

99%

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37
Q

____% of electrons are created into x-ray photons through target interactions

A

1

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38
Q

The electrons _______ when they strike the anode.

A

Decelerate

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39
Q

The anode is a Tungsten disk which has a:

A

High atomic number 74 and a high melting point

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40
Q

The Anode heel effect refers to:

A

The lower field intensity toward the anode in comparison to the cathode due to lower x_ray emissions from the target material at angles perpendicular to the x-ray beam

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41
Q

The anode surface is:

A

At an angle

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42
Q

Decreasing anode angle (smaller angle degree) =

A

Increased heel effect

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43
Q

Anode Angle and Anode Heel effect have a _________ relationship:

A

Inverse

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44
Q

Decreasing the anode heel effect (steeper)=

A

Increase anode heel effect

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45
Q

Decreasing SID: __________ anode heel effect

A

Increases anode heel effect (not as present at 72”)

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46
Q

Increasing the field size= _________ anode heel effect

A

Increases

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47
Q

Define Line focus Principle:

A

The relationship between the actual focal spot on the anode surface and the effective focal spot size

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48
Q

Actual focal spot size location:

A

Where electrons interact with the anode (target)

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49
Q

Effective focal spot size location:

A

Is what exits the tube and interacts with the patient

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50
Q

What size is the effective focal spot compares to the actual focal spot:

A

Smaller

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51
Q

What size is the actual focal spot size compared to the effective?

A

Larger

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52
Q

Decrease anode angle= ______ effective focal spot

A

Decrease

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53
Q

Increase anode angle= __________ effective focal spot

A

Increase

54
Q

Two types of interactions that occur at the target (anode):

A

Bremsstrahlung and Characteristic

55
Q

Target interactions both start with a _______ and end with a _________ that will exit the tube.

A

Electron, x-ray photon

56
Q

90% of all production, (100% below 70 kVp):

A

Bremsstrahlung

57
Q

The incident electron brakes before the nucleus and bends direction, the closer the nucleus the harder the break the higher energy of the photon

A

Bremsstrahlung

58
Q

What is the K-Shell binding energy of tungsten?

A

69.5 keV or 70 keV

59
Q

Can you identify the bremsstrahlung interaction on a video?

A

Yes or no

60
Q

Can you identify the circuit in a picture?

A

Yes or no

61
Q

The incident electron collides with a k shell electron crashing it out of orbit and causing a cascade of electrons to fall into each shell closer to the nucleus, each time the electron cascades it causes characteristic x-rays closer to the nucleus the higher the photon energy:

A

Cascading “hallmark”
Cascade Effect

62
Q

Select three properties of x-rays off of a list:

A

Travel in straight lines
Electrically neutral (no mass)
Heterogenous
Travel at the speed of light (186,000 miles per second) (3 x 10^8 m/s)
Capable of ionizing matter
Cannot be focused by a lens
Each photon carries its own energy (poly energetic)

63
Q

Refers to the x-rays being produced by the x-ray tube and strike the patient

A

Primary beam

64
Q

The primary beam is made up of:

A

Bremsstrahlung or Characteristic or both

65
Q

Remnant means:

A

Remaining

66
Q

Define remnant beam or exit radiation:

A

The remaining beam after it exits/leaves the patient

67
Q

What is the remnant beam made up of?

A

Primary or secondary radiation

68
Q

The type of secondary radiation that occurs when the beam intercepts an object causing the x-ray beam to be scattered

A

Scatter Radiation

69
Q

Quality, energy, penetrability of the x-ray photons

A

kVp

70
Q

kVp determines the:

A

Quality of the x-ray beam

71
Q

Refers to the number, quantity of the x-ray beam:

A

mAs

72
Q

Refers to the number of waves:

A

Frequency

73
Q

Higher kVp= _______ energy

A

Higher

74
Q

Higher kVp= _______ frequency

A

Higher

75
Q

The distance between two successive peaks:

A

Wavelength

76
Q

The higher the energy of the x-ray the ______ frequency

A

Higher

77
Q

The distance between tops of the waves

A

Wavelength

78
Q

High kVp= ____________ wavelengths

A

Short

79
Q

Low kVp= __________ wavelength= ________ energy.

A

Long, less

80
Q

Decrease wavelength, _________ frequency, _________ wavelength

A

Increase, increase

81
Q

Frequency and wavelength have what type of relationship?

A

Inverse

82
Q

kVp controls:

A

Subject Contrast
Beam Quality
Beam energy
Beam Penetrability

83
Q

Increasing kVp also _________ scattered photons reducing image quality

A

Increases

84
Q

Increase kVp ______ electron energy, _______ x-ray energy

A

Increase, increase

85
Q

The degree of density difference between two areas on a Radiograph

A

Subject Contrast

86
Q

Short scale of Contrast (Short Gray Scale):

A

High Contrast
Low kVp

87
Q

Long Scale of Contrast (Long Gray Scale)

A

Low Contrast
High kVp

88
Q

Digital Image Contrast is controlled by the:

A

Look Up Table (LUT)

89
Q

A processing algorithm built into the equipment that the technologist does not control:

A

LUT (Look up table)
NOT controlled by kVp

90
Q

Lower kVp settings use:

A

A long wavelength
Lower Energy
Lower Penetrating ability
Less chance of scatter radiation

Considered high contrast

91
Q

______ kVp examinations penetrate fewer thicknesses and only have a few steps in between black and white (50-70 kVp)

A

Lower

92
Q

Demonstrates fine bone markings and fractures better

A

Low kVp (small focal spot)

93
Q

Low kVp
Small focal spot
High contrast

A

Short scale

94
Q

Long scale of contrast have _______ shades of grey in between black and white.

A

Many (multiple)

95
Q

Penetrate more thicker dense areas of anatomy

A

High kVp

96
Q

Used for contrast barium

A

110 kVp
Large Focal Spot
High kVp

97
Q

High kVp settings use:

A

Long scale of contrast
A short wavelength
Higher energy
Higher chance of scatter radiation

98
Q

Low contrast:

A

High kVp

99
Q

Long scale of contrast:

A

Decreases image quality
Increases patient dose
Increases tech dose

100
Q

Measurement of tube current

A

mAs

101
Q

Increases the filament temperature which increases the electrons boiled off from thermionic emission

A

Increase mA

102
Q

mA controls

A

Beam Quantity
Receptor Exposure
Patient Dose

103
Q

What is the calculation for MA

A

mA x s = mAs

104
Q

How many seconds are in each of the following milliseconds?
1,000
50
400

A

1,000 milliseconds = 1 second
50= 0.05 sec
400= .4 sec

105
Q

Exposures made while the patient is breathing:

A

Orthostatic breathing techniques

106
Q

If you don’t have enough mAs or have quantum mottle (Noise):

A

Double original mAs or increase by 30%

107
Q

mAs will never have an effect on:

A

Contrast and Scatter

108
Q

There are multiple ways to combine mA and seconds to equal the same mAs

A

mAs Reciprocity Law

109
Q

The reciprocity law shows us that:

A

mA and time are inversely proportional

110
Q

If seconds increases= ______ mAs

A

Decreased

111
Q

If mA is doubled= _____ should be cut in half

A

Time

112
Q

If mA is cut in half= _____ time

A

Double

113
Q

An original exposure was made using 100 mA at .10 sec. A repeat exposure must be made using 200 mA while keeping the same receptor exposure. What is the new time required?

A

Original Exposure: 100 x .10= 10 mAs
New exposure= 200 x ? = 10 mAs
Double mA? Cut time in half! .05 seconds
200 mA x 0.5 seconds = 10 mAs

114
Q

Most common beam retracting device used in radiography. It can be used for any field size

A

Variable-aperture collimator

115
Q

Primary purpose of beam restriction is to:

A

Restrict the primary beam to the area of interest and decrease patient dose

116
Q

The simplest type of beam restrict or, and is made up of lead-lined metal sheet attached to the x-ray tube head

A

Aperture diagram

117
Q

These modifications are the aperture diagram. It had extended metal structure which produces a circular image

A

Cones and cylinders

118
Q

Decrease collimation=

A

Light field is getting bigger

119
Q

Increase beam restriction=

A

Increase collimation= decrease field of view= smaller light field

120
Q

Increase Field of View=

A

Decrease collimation=larger light field

121
Q

The size of your light field

A

Field of view

122
Q

Light field that is limited to the IR placed in the Bucky tray

A

Positive Beam Limitation (PBL)

123
Q

Increase in Patient Size=

A

Higher Absorption of the beam into the tissue

124
Q

Used to control spatialize resolution:

A

Focal Spot Size

125
Q

Produce less blurring and better visibility of detail (extremity work/ribs)

A

Small Focal Spot

126
Q

Greater heat dissipating capacity

A

Large focal spot (chest and abdomen)

127
Q

SOD equation

A

SID-OID

128
Q

Increasing SID

A

Further away

129
Q

Magnification of the part:

A

Size Distortion

130
Q

For every _____ increase in OID a ______ increase in SOD should be used to compensate

A

1”, 7-8”

ARRT Kettering (15 decks)

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