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DPT 803: Neurobio 2 > Lecture 9- complex brain functions > Flashcards

Lecture 9- complex brain functions Flashcards

1
Q

what is the normal 24 hour sleep/awake function cycle

A

2/3 awake
1/3 sleep

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2
Q

what structure helps the circadian rhythm with wakefulness

A

brainstem
ARAS

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3
Q

what structure helps the circadian rhythm with sleep

A

thalamus

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4
Q

how does the thalamocortical neurons help with sleep

A

low frequency action potentials with Ca2 spike

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5
Q

how does the thalamocortical neurons help with awake

A

high frequency action potentials without Ca2 spike

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6
Q

what are the nuclei and corresponding neurotransmitters that help the ARAs with alertness

A

cholinergic: acetylocholine (both ascending and descending tracts)
raphe nuclei: serotonin
locus coeruleus: norepinephrine

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7
Q

what structure has the final say in circadian rhythm

A

hypothalamus

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8
Q

what does the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus do for the circadian rhythm

A

improve alertness of higher cortical and subcortical structures
activate ARAS- alertness
activate tuberomammillary- arousal

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9
Q

what does the tuberomammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus do for the circadian rhythm

A

awake
histamine
increase arousal for CNS

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10
Q

what does the VLPO nucleus of the hypothalamus do for the circadian rhythm

A

asleep
inhibit ARAS and tuberomammillary nucleus
decrease alertness and arousal

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11
Q

what structures are apart of DMN

A

post cingulate cortex
ventromedial pre frontal cortex
temporal parietal junction

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12
Q

what structure is most active at cognitive rest

A

posterior cingulate cortex

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13
Q

what functions does DMN play a role in

A

social cognition- know thyself (DMN) know others (all others)
social life

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14
Q

what are the 4 phases of attention

A

selection
sustenance
division
change

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15
Q

what is the role of the subcortical regions in attention control network

A

reflexive

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16
Q

what are the subcortical structures used for attention

A

superior colliculus to coordinate locomotion (MLR)
thalamus- pulvinar nucleus- dorsal stream (DLR)

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17
Q

what are the cortical structures used in attention

A

dorsal frontal-parietal pathway
ventral pathway

18
Q

what stimuli and function is used for dorsal frontal parietal pathway

A

endogenous stimuli
voluntary, dorsal stream

19
Q

what stimuli and function is used for ventral pathway

A

exogenous
reorienting
reflexive, ventral stream

20
Q

for attention, what is the lateralization

A

L- serial and detials
R- parallel and full picture

21
Q

what is selection of attention based on

A

learned experience = memory

22
Q

what is declarative memory

A

explicit
semantic- facts
episodic- events

stored in temporal lobe

23
Q

what is non declarative memory

A

implicit
priming, procedural, conditioning

stored in temporal lobe and other brain structures

24
Q

how is memory better encoded

A

salience

25
Q

where does emotional memory take place and how is this beneficial

A

amygdala
improve encoding and consolidation and prevent extinction

26
Q

what are the effects of HPA axis

A

norepinephrine and epinephrine increase alertness and arousal

which directly improves encoding and consolidation indirectly through the amygdala

27
Q

what stream and cortex is involved in determining “WHAT we see”

A

ventral stream in inferotemporal cortex

28
Q

how are different objects stored in the inferotemporal cortex

A

med- lat: stubby to spiky
sup-inf: animate to inanimate

29
Q

where are place cells and the function

A

male hippocampus
one specific spatial location

30
Q

where are grid cells and the function

A

females entohinal cortex
spatial hexagonal area

31
Q

what are the functions of place and grid cells as a whole

A

encode episodic memory time, location, direction, distance
guide navigation
spatial cognition- memory and behaviors

32
Q

what happens with forgetting or natural memory loss

A

lone time with less use

like pruning

33
Q

what must consolidation be built upon so forgetting isnt possible

A

attention

34
Q

what are central components of language

A

M1/S1/A1/V1
wernickes and brocas

aphasia

35
Q

what are peripheral components of language

A

CN
ansa cervicalis
phrenic n
lungs, larynx, pharynx, moith

36
Q

what is semantic memory in language

A

extracting meaning from language

37
Q

what is lexicon

A

meaning of the words

38
Q

what is the lateralization of language

A

L- comprehension and production of language
R- prosody

39
Q

how do childrens brains differ from adults in language functions

A

kids use extreme capsule fiber system plus arcuate fasciculus

40
Q

what are the homeostatic changes with the asleep and awake cycle

A

decrease body temperature during sleep
increase hormones during sleep: growth hormone and cortisol

41
Q

how many slow and rapid eye movement stages are their in sleep

A

5
4 slow or non-rapid
1 rapid

DPT 803: Neurobio 2 (9 decks)

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