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FME > C1 > Flashcards

C1 Flashcards

1
Q

-were some of the first known explorers to leave their local communities bordering the Mediterranean Sea.

A

Phoenecians and Greeks

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2
Q

They went outside the Mediterranean tothe Atlantic Ocean with their knowledge of tides, currents and seasonal changes.

A

The Phoenecians and Greeks

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3
Q

Aristotle identified a variety of species including (4)

A

crustaceans, echinoderms, mollusks, and fish.

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4
Q

He also recognized that cetaceans are mammals, and that marine vertebrates are either oviparous or viviparous

A

Aristotle

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5
Q

Because he is the first to record observations on marine life, ___ is often referred to as the father of marine biology

A

Aristotle

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6
Q

They developed a distinctive open boats and explored the North Atlantic

A

Vikings

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7
Q

Due to the Viking’s well develop knowledge about currents, winds and ocean phenomena, they reached (3)

A
  1. They reached lceland in about 700 A.D., Greenland in about 995 A.D. and North America around 1,000 A.D.
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8
Q

they can be considered “marine scientists.”

A

Vikings

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9
Q

They used natural phenomena to migrate around the South Pacific in boats

A

Polynesians

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10
Q

The time when humans explored Earth creating maps and charts and bringing specimens back to their home ports.

A

Age of Discovery

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11
Q

The time of development ofocean-going ships and adventurous men

A

Age of Discovery

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12
Q

In the age of discovery, Most explorations came from European countries such as: (6)

A

Spain
Portugal
France
Scandinavia
Italy
Germany

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13
Q

Landmark explorers in the marine science area during the age of discovery (4)

A

Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan, Captain James Cook and Charles Darwin.

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14
Q

The modern day stidy of marine biology began with the exploration by ____ in __ century Britain

A

Captain James Cook;
18th;

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15
Q

He is most known for his extensive voyages of discovery for the British Navy, mapping much of the world’s uncharted waters during that time

A

Captain James Cook

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16
Q

He circumnavigated the world twice during his lifetime, during which he logged description of numerous plants and animals then unkown to most of mankind

A

Captain James Cook

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17
Q

___ was a naturalist on the English exploration voyage aboard the ___

A

Charles Darwin;
Beagle

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18
Q

His theories on evolution forever changed the way scientists view living organism

A

Chalres Darwin

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19
Q

He also published a theory on the formation of coral reefs
(from his observations on this voyage) that was proved to be correct in the 1900s.

A

Charles Darwin

20
Q

This overlaps with The Age of Discovery’ as voyages were organized purely for scientific purposes rather than the usual military voyages with a focus to claim territory

A

‘Age of Scientific Expeditions

21
Q

___ Challenger followed Darwin’s voyage led by ___ to all the oceans of the world.

A

HMS;
Sir Charles Wyville Thomson

22
Q

This voyage is often referred to as the birth of oceanography

A

HMS Challenger

23
Q

The data collected during this trip filed 50 volumes and served as the basis for the study of marine biology across many disciplines for many years.

A

HMS Challenger

24
Q

_____ was a benchmark of the challenger’s voyage disproving Birtish explorer ____’ theory that marin life could not exist bellow about 550m/1800 feet

A

Deep sea exploration (HMS Challenger);
Edward Forbes

25
Q

The end product of the Challenger’s voyage was almost ____ pages of oceanographic information

A

30,000

26
Q

other findings during the HMS Challenger (5)

A

1)4,717 new species;
2) The first systematic plot of currents and temperatures in the ocean;
3) A map of bottom deposits much of which has remained current to the present;
4) An outline of the main contours of the ocean basins; and 5)The discovery of mid-Atlantic Ridge

27
Q

This expedition, in 1968, proved the theory of plate tectonics by developing the technology for deep-sea drilling.

A

Glomar challenger

28
Q

samples from this voyage focused on the ocean bottom and provided specimens and data to substantiate the theory of plate tectonics and continental drift

A

Glomar challenger

29
Q

Methodologies in Marine Research (8)

A

-SONAR (Sound Navigation Ranging)
- Scuba diving suit with oxygen tank
- Helmet diving
- Diving bells
- Submersibles
- ROV’s (remotely operated vehicles)
- Remote sensing using transmitters and satellites - Computer Technology

30
Q

It was developed during World War Il for use with submarines.

A

-SONAR (Sound Navigation Ranging)

31
Q

This allowed humans to ‘see’ the bottom and other solid objects underwater as sound was transmitted from a vessel with its reflection received and translated into a profile of the ocean bottom (or midwater object).

A

SONAR (Sound Navigation Ranging)

32
Q

tI became one of the main tools used by marine scientists to profile the bottom of the ocean (as a fathometer); outline organisms ni the water column.

A

SONAR (Sound Navigation Ranging)

33
Q

with self contained underwater breathing apparatus allows humans to descend to 100 to 200 feet rather easily.

A

Scuba diving gears

34
Q
  • with communications to topside was developed with various mixes of gas, allowing divers to descend deeper and stay longer.
A

Helmet diving

35
Q
  • allows divers to enter and exit the bell while staying at deep depths (inside the bell divers could live comfortably).
A

Diving bells

36
Q
  • These were built like small submarines to take marine scientists to even deeper depths and keep the divers at one atmosphere pressure to avoid the physiological complications
A

Submersibles

37
Q

The___ and ____ with movable legs to walk (type of submersible)

A

JIM and Newt Suit

38
Q

the submersible is used by scientists but this is without movable legs and scientist are working in an upright position

A

WASP

39
Q

It was developed for the oil industry and first used by scientists in the Santa Barbara Channel in 1982

A

WASP

40
Q

the operator in this submersible is horizontal and was also used by oil companies as well as scientists.

A

MANTIS

41
Q

are now used with and without submersibles to view deep areas of the ocean without the dangers of sending humans down to these depths.

A

ROV’s (remotely operated vehicles)

42
Q

carry all types of cameras and sampling equipment. These have become the latest technology for viewing the ocean.

A

ROV’s (remotely operated vehicles)

43
Q

is built into many of the advanced marine science instruments (diving equipment of al kinds, submersibles, ROVs, satellites) and allows scientists to easily analyze their data as well as to communicate.

A

Computer technology

44
Q

Limitations in Marine Research (4)

A
  1. High cost of materials, equipment as well as their maintenance.
  2. Difficulty of breathing
  3. The increasing pressure as one gets deeper the ocean
  4. The uncertainty of the ocean
45
Q

the sea cover __% of the earth’s surface but only ___% have been explored

A

71%; 5%

FME (9 decks)

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