Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Patient Management 2 > Vital signs > Flashcards

Vital signs Flashcards

1
Q

When should you take vital signs?

A
  1. When a patient is brought to the department for any invasive diagnostic procedure
  2. Before and after the patient receives medication/as required by preprocedural screening (usually CT).
  3. Any time the patient’s general condition suddenly changes. (LOC)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are Cardinal Signs?

A

Quick, objective and non-invasive evidence of patient condition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Is a physician’s order required to measure vital signs?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

T/F

Vital signs are measured against accepted ranges.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are Physiologic responses indicators of?

A

Indicators of adversity or response to therapy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Is pain considered to be a vital sign?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is measured when taking a patients vital signs?

A
  1. Body temperature
  2. Pulse
  3. Respiration.

(Measured to monitor life supporting functions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Is blood pressure considered a vital sign?

A

Blood pressure is not a true vital sign category, but is often measured with the other three in the overall assessment of the patient.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is this describing?

Physiologic balance between heat produced in cells and heat lost to environment

A

Body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

T/F

Humans are cold blooded.

A

False; Humans are warm blooded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How much of a fluctuation in body tempurature has to occur before cellular functions and cardiopulmonary demands are affected?

A

A fluctuation of 2-3 ◦C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List 3 factors that can influence body temperature:

A

-Time of day
-weight
-hormone levels

(metabolic activites)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What part of the body performs thermoregulation?

A

The hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does the body preserve heat?

A

Shivering and vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does the body regulate heat loss?

A

Diaphoresis and peripheral vasodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a normal body temperature?

A

37 °C (98.6 °F )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the Common body tempertature daily variation?

A

0.5 – 1°C (1 – 2 °F).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the common body temperature for infants (3m-3years)

A

37.2 – 37.61°C (99 – 99.7 °F)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the common body temperature for Child (5 – 13 years)?

A

36.56 - 37 °C (97.8 – 98.6 °F).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What can hypothermia result from?

A
  1. Induced medically
  2. Trauma to hypothalamus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does hypothermia cause the body to shut down?

A

Reduces patient’s need for O2 and therefore, cardiopulmonary system slows down (bradycardia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does hyperthermia mean?

A

Elevated Body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does Febrile mean?

A

Related to fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is hyperthermia ussually caused by?

A

Usually due to disease process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does hyperthermia cause the body to shut down?

A

As body temperature increases, body demands for O2 increase, CO2 production increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How is the site for Measuring Body Temperature chosen?

A
  1. Patient’s age
  2. State of mind
  3. Ability to cooperate in the procedure.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

T/F

Site used must be included when recording or reporting. Why or why not?

A

True; because the reading varies depending where it is measured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where is oral temperature taken?

A

Mouth (under tongue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

When is oral temperature taken?

A

Used in adults and cooperative children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the normal oral body temperature?

A

37 °C O or 98.6 °F O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where is axiallary temperature taken?

A

Armpit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the most useful area for taking temperature with infants?

A

Axillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is a normal axillary body temperature?

A

36.4 – 36.7 °C Ax or 97.6 - 98 °F Ax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Why is axillary temperature sometimes unreliable?

A

Time and precision of placement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Where is a rectal temperature taken?

A

Anal opening to rectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the most reliable form of measuring body temperature?

A

Rectally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the colour of the Probe cover for rectal thermometers?

A

Probe cover is red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

When should rectal temperature not be taken?

A

Should not be taken if the patient is restless or has rectal pathology.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

When is rectal temperature used?

A

Used normally only on infants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is a normal rectal body temperature?

A

37.5 °C R or 99.6 °F R

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the Tympanic (Aural) Temperature meausring?

A

Temperature of the blood vessels in the tympanic membrane of the ear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is a normal tympanic body temperature?

A

36.4 °C T or 97.5 °F T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the forms of Core body temperature readings?

A
  1. Rectal temperature
  2. Tympanic temperature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is being shown here?

A

A tympanic thermometer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is being shown here?

A

Temperature sensitive patches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Where are Temperature sensitive patches placed?

A

Abdomen/forehead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

T/F

With a temperature sensitive patch, If abnormal temperature is indicated, a more accurate method can be used to verify reading.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are the ways to measure body temperature?

A
  1. Temporal Artery Thermometers
  2. Temperature Sensitive Patches
  3. Tympanic Temperature
  4. Rectal Temperature
  5. Axillary Temperature
  6. Oral Temperature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

T/F

Measurements approximately 1 °F higher with a Temporal Artery Thermometer than oral readings.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is being shown here?

A

Temporal Artery Thermometer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What does pulse indicate?

A

Reflects rapidity of heart contractions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Why should you not press too hard while taking a pulse?

A

May obliterate if you press to hard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is a normal pulse rate in an adult?

A

60 – 90 beats per minute (BPM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the normal pulse rate in a Child (4 – 10 years)?

A

90 – 100 BPM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is the normal pulse rate in an infant?

A

120 BPM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What does taking an Apical Pulse entail?

A

Listening to heart directly and Counting heartbeat over 1 min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

T/F

An apical pulse may be lower than the radial pulse.

A

False; An apical pulse will never be lower than the radial pulse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Where should you take an apical pulse reading?

A

5th intercostal space, 3 – 4 inches lateral to left sternal margin .

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What are the different sites on the body that a pulse reading can be measured?

A
  1. Apical pulse
  2. Radial pulse
  3. Brachial Pulse
  4. Carotid Pulse
  5. Femoral Pulse
  6. Popliteal Pulse
  7. Temporal Pulse
  8. Dorsalis Pedis Pulse
  9. Posterior Tibial Pulse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Where on the body is a radial pulse taken?

A

At wrist (at base of thumb)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is the most acessible spot to take a pulse reading?

A

On the wrist (radial pulse)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Where is a brachial pulse taken?

A

-Antecubital fossa above the elbow below the brachial artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Where is a carotid pulse taken?

A

At angle of mandible over carotid artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

When is a carotid pulse ussually taken?

A

Typically, during CPR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

How do you take a carotid pulse?

A

Push up with fingers slightly anterior and below the angle of the mandible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Where is a femoral pulse taken?

A

Over femoral artery in groin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Where is a popliteal pulse taken? When would you take this kind of pulse?

A

-Behind knee
-Taken in a trauma situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Where is a temporal pulse taken?

A

Over temporal artery (in front of ear)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Where is the Dorsalis Pedis Pulse taken?

A

At the top of the foot in line with the groove between the 1st and 2nd toes (between the extensor tendon of the great and second toe)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

T/F

The Dorsalis Pedis Pulse may be congenitally absent

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Where is the Posterior Tibial Pulse taken?

A

Medial aspect of ankles

72
Q

T/F

Unfit individuals and hyperthermic patients often have a low heart rate.

A

False; Fit individuals and hypothermic patients often have a low heart rate.

73
Q

When should a pulse baseline reading be taken?

A

Baseline should be obtained prior to start of invasive diagnostic imaging procedures at rest

74
Q

Where is the most accurate spot to take a pulse on infants?

A

Apical most accurate for infants.

75
Q

What does the assesment of a patients pulse indicate?

A

Assess strength and regularity of pulse as well as number of beats per minute.

76
Q

T/F

Manual palpation provides a quantitative assessment, where as rate provides a qualitative assessment.

A

False; Manual palpation provides a qualitative assessment, where as rate provides a quantitative assessment.

77
Q

What is Tachycardia and what is the average BPM for those who have it?

A

Abnormally rapid heart rate (>100 BPM)

78
Q

What is Bradycardia and what is the average BPM for those who have it?

A

Abnormally slow heart rate (<60 BPM)

79
Q

What does a graph of an ECG specifically indicate?

A

Graph of voltage versus time of the electrical activity of the heart

80
Q

What types of cardiac abdormalities does an ECG demonstrate?

A
  1. cardiac rhythm disturbances
  2. inadequate coronary artery blood flow
  3. electrolyte disturbances
81
Q

What is the simplest and fastest way of evaluating the heart’s activity?

A

Using an ECG

82
Q

What is the baseline of an ECG is called?

A

Isoelectric line

83
Q

What does the isolectric line signify?

A

Resting membrane potentials

84
Q

Label 1-2

A
  1. Isoelectric line
  2. Deflections
85
Q

What are defelections?

A

The positive or negative change in the isoelectric line over the peroid of the cycle?

86
Q

What does the P wave represent?

A

Represents depolarization of the atrial muscle cells.

87
Q

When does atrial contraction begin?

A

Atrial contraction begins at the peak of the P wave

88
Q

When does the SA node fire?

A

SA node fires at the start of the P wave

89
Q

What does the QRS complex represent?

A

Represents depolarization of the ventricular muscle cells.

90
Q

What does the S portion on an ECG represent?

A

The S portion is the return to baseline.

91
Q

What part of the ECG signifies the initial downward deflection?

A

The Q portion is the initial downward deflection

92
Q

When does contraction begin on the ECG?

A

Contraction commences at the peak of the R portion.

93
Q

What portion of an ECG signifies the initial upward deflection.

A

The R portion is the initial upward deflection.

94
Q

What does the U wave represent?

A

U wave represents the repolarization of the papillary muscles and the Purkinje fibers.

95
Q

What generates the T wave?

A

Repolarization of the ventricles

96
Q
A

In QRS

97
Q

What triggers the PR interval?

A

Atrial depolarization

98
Q

What ends the PR interval?

A

The start of ventricular depolarization

99
Q

At what interval does the impulse travel through the AV node?

A

The PR interval

100
Q

Label 1-5

A
  1. QRS complex
  2. ST segment
  3. QT interval
  4. PR interval
  5. PR segment
101
Q

How many mV have occured over 5mm of an ECG chart?

A

.5mV

102
Q

How much time has passed over 1mm of an ECG chart?

A

.04 seconds

103
Q

How much time has passed over 5mm of an ECG chart?

A

.20 seconds

104
Q

T/F

If the intervals between peak of QRS complexes (RR intervals) are consistent, ventricular rhythm is regular

A

True

105
Q

Is this a normal or abnormal rythm of the heart?

A

Normal

106
Q

Watch videos

A

https://youtu.be/GWTnHReNd-U
https://youtu.be/hySBi6n_97g
https://youtu.be/LPnv7mspvdY
https://youtu.be/JSdEK79J4dw
https://youtu.be/lKtfwiwHjLI
https://youtu.be/E4RELD0eGYE

107
Q

What is STEMI?

A

Profoundly life threatening heart attack and associated with atherosclerosis (CAD) whcih results in ST elevation.

108
Q

What pathology is being shown here?

A

STEMI

109
Q

What is this describing?

The action of inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide while breathing.
(One inspiration + One expiration)

A

Respiration

110
Q

What do the diaphragmatic muscles do during inspiration?

A
  1. Move downward
  2. Push abdominal contents outward
  3. Expand chest cavity
111
Q

What is the normal adult respiration rate?

A

12 –20 breaths/min

112
Q

What is the normal Child (1-10 years) respiration rate?

A

20-30 breaths/min

113
Q

What is the noraml Newborn/Infant (under 1 year) respiration rate?

A

30-60 breaths/min

114
Q

What can respiration of fewer than 10 breaths per minute for an adult result in?

A

Cyanosis, apprehension, restlessness, and change in LOC.

115
Q

What three factors must be assessed for during the Assessment of Respiration?

A
  1. Rate of respiration
  2. Pattern of respiration (regular or irregular)
  3. Depth of respiration
116
Q

What determines tidal volume?

A

The depth of respiration

117
Q

What is the abbreviation for respiration charting?

A

R

118
Q

What is dyspnea? What does it present as?

A

-Difficulty breathing.
-Often presents as shortness of breath (SOB).

119
Q

What pathology is this describing?

Causes include exercise, fever, infection, pain, heart failure, chest trauma, decreased oxygen in blood, and central nervous system pathology.

A

Tachypnea

120
Q

What is the respiratory rate for those with Tachypnea?

A

Greater than 20 breaths per minute

In adults

121
Q

What is Bradypnea?

A

An abnormal decrease in respiratory rate.

122
Q

What pathology is this describing?

Results from depression of the respiratory centers of the brain – common with drug overdoses, head trauma and hypothermia.

A

Bradypnea

123
Q

What is Orthopnea?

A

Difficulty breathing unless sitting up or standing erect.

124
Q

What is Apnea?

A

Absence of spontaneous ventilation.

125
Q

What is Stridor caused by?

A

Caused by narrowing or obstruction of airway

126
Q

What is stridor a first sign of?

A

May also be the first sign of a serious and even, life-threatening disorder

127
Q

What is blood pressure the product of?

A

Pressure is product of flow and resistance.

128
Q

T/F

BP is the reflection of resistance the blood meets in the systemic vasculature when it is ejected from the left ventricle of the heart during systole.

A

True

129
Q

What is Peripheral Vascular Resistance?

A

Resistance of the circulatory system (arterioles) that is used to create BP.

130
Q

Will Vasoconstriction cause an increase or decrease in PVR?

A

An increase

131
Q

Will Vasodilation cause an increase or decrease in PVR?

A

↓ PVR (shock)

132
Q

T/F

PVR is mediated on a neuro-hormonal level.

A

True

133
Q

What is cardiac output and how do you calculate it?

A

The amount of blood your heart pumps each minute.
Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

134
Q

What three things are mediating blood pressure dependant on?

A
  1. Pumping action of the heart
  2. Blood Volume
  3. Blood Viscosity
  4. Elasticity of the arterial vessel wall
135
Q

T/F

Slowing down the heart rate, increases how hard the heart must work

A

False; Slowing down the heart rate, reduces how hard the heart must work

136
Q

What pathologies decrease blood volume?

A

Dehydration/hemorrhage

137
Q

What are two types of diuretics that decrease blood pressure/volume?

A
  1. hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ),
  2. Lasix
138
Q

What determines the viscosity of the blood?

A

The number of red blood cells in the blood plasma

139
Q

T/F

With an increased number, the blood becomes less viscous and subsequently, increases the blood pressure

A

False; With an increased number, the blood becomes more viscous and subsequently, increases the blood pressure

140
Q

What are three examples of blood thinners?

A

Aspirin, coumadin, heparin

141
Q

T/F

Vasoconstriction can result in increased blood pressure

A

True

142
Q

What type of medication is this?

Blocks the production of angiotensin (vasoconstrictor), causing the blood vessels to relax, resulting in drop in BP.

A

ACE inhibitors

143
Q

T/F

Males usually have higher blood pressure than females

A

True

144
Q

T/F

BP is lower in the morning after a night of sleep

A

True

145
Q

T/F

BP decreases after a large intake of food.

A

False; Increases after a large intake of food.

146
Q

What is the highest point of blood pressure reached in the cardiac cycle called?

A

The Systolic Pressure

147
Q

What is the lowest point of blood pressure reached in the cardiac cycle called?

A

Diastolic Pressure

148
Q

T/F

Relaxation of the ventricles generates the lowest point of blood pressure.

A

True

149
Q

What is a normal systolic blood pressure in an adult?

A

95 - 120 mmHg

150
Q

What is a normal diastolic blood pressure in adults?

A

60 - 80 mmHg

151
Q

What is a normal systolic blood pressure in a child?

A

104 - 120

152
Q

What is a normal diastolic blood pressure in a child?

A

60 - 80 mmHg

153
Q

What is a normal systolic blood pressure in adolecence?

A

85 -130 mmHg

154
Q

What is a normal diastolic blood pressure in adolecence?

A

45 - 85 mmHg

155
Q

When is a patient is considered hypertensive?

A

If systolic BP is consistently higher than 140mm Hg and diastolic greater than 90mm Hg.

156
Q

What are the categories of hypertension?

A

mild, moderate, or severe.

157
Q

When is a patient considered hypotensive?

A

A patient is considered hypotensive blood pressure is consistently lower than 95/60 mm Hg.

158
Q

What are the two ways to meausre blood pressure?

A
  1. Sphygmomanometer
  2. Stethescope
159
Q

What are the two types of Sphygmomanometers?

A
  1. Mercury manometer
  2. Aneroid manometer
160
Q

What is the most accurate Sphygmomanometer?

A

Mercury manometer

161
Q

What is being shown here?

A

Mercury manometer

162
Q

What is being shown here?

A
163
Q

Label 1-5

A
  1. Rubber tubing
  2. Bulb
  3. Valve
  4. Manometer Gauge
  5. Inflatable Cuff
164
Q

Label 1-6

A
  1. Binural
  2. Eartips
  3. Tubing
  4. Diaphragm
  5. Binaural spring
  6. Bell
165
Q

Where do you place your fingers on the stethescope when taking a blood pressure reading?

A

Place your fingers around the base of the bell

166
Q

What is the patient prep for taking blood pressure?

A
  1. Have patient sitting upright or lying down with arm reclined and supported.
  2. At rest for 3-5 min.
  3. Sleeves should be rolled up, no tight clothing around arm
167
Q

How is cuff size selected for a blood pressure reading?

A

Cuff should be selected according to patient size

168
Q

What artery is ussually used to measure blood pressure?

A

Typically measured over brachial artery

169
Q

How do you measure blood pressure using a Manometer?

A
  1. Inflate cuff to exceed systolic pressure in artery by 30 – 40 mm Hg
  2. Release air in cuff until pressure in cuff matches systolic pressure
  3. When no sounds are heard anymore, diastolic pressure value has been reached
170
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

Bluish tinge due to lack O2 in tissues, build up of deoxyhemoglobin.

171
Q

Where does core cyanosis develop?

A

Mucous membranes; tongue, lips or the lining of mouth

172
Q

Where does peripheral cyanosis develop?

A

Nail beds

173
Q

What is pallor? Where does is it most evident?

A

-Absence of color (Unhealthy pale appearance)
-Most evident in face and palms.

174
Q

What is diaphoretic skin?

A

Excessive sweating

175
Q

What does fever feel like to the touch?

A

Hot and dry skin

176
Q

What does syncope feel like to the touch?

A

Cold and clammy skin

Patient Management 2 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions