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Question 1

Existentialism

Answer 1

A philosophy that emphasizes the uniqueness and isolation of the individual in an indifferent world, stresses freedom of choice and responsibility for one’s actions. Existential therapy helps clients experience their existence in an authentic, meaningful and responsible way

Question 2

Soren Kierkegaard

Answer 2

A 19TH century Danish philosopher, a major influence on the formation of existential therapy. He was particularly concerned with “angst” (dread/anxiety). He addressed the role of anxiety and uncertainty in life

Question 3

Presence

Answer 3

In Person-Centered Therapy, the therapist’s presence is essential for clients’ progress. It is being completely immersed in and attentive to the client and his expressed concerns

Question 4

Rollo May

Answer 4

The best-known contemporary author and advocate of existential therapy. He studied under Alfred Adler, was influenced by Paul Tillich, a theologian who introduced May to Kierkegaard. He focused on helping clients with their problems of being rather than simply trying to solve problems. Problems of being: death, sex, aging

Question 5

Embodied Meditation

Answer 5

A therapeutic technique used in existential therapy whereby client is guided into progressive relaxation and breathing awareness with eyes closed. This awareness-intensive technique should be used cautiously as this technique can cause profound emotions

Question 6

Logotherapy

Answer 6

Literally means “therapy through meaning.” Logotherapy was founded by Viktor Frankl, an existential theorist/therapist. It focuses on an individual’s search for meaning in life as the most fundamental of human motivations

Question 7

Paradoxical Intention

Answer 7

A therapeutic technique used primarily in Logotherapy. It requires clients to exaggerate their symptoms, i.e. nervous sweating, in order to become less self-focused and reduce fear/anxiety

Question 8

Victor Frankl

Answer 8

The founder of Logotherapy and existential therapist

Question 9

Transactional Analysis

Answer 9

A theory of personality and systematic psychotherapy for personal growth and personal change. Best known model, the ego-state (Parent-Adult-Child)

Question 10

Basic Life Position

Answer 10

People seem to have an innate desire to become specific and concrete about concepts that are difficult to understand; a total life direction or a person’s overall life destiny; fairly permanent and do not change easily. 4 life positions: “I’m OK, You’re OK” (I+U+); “I’m not-OK, You’re OK” (I-U+); “I’m OK, You’re not-OK” (I+U-); and “I’m not-OK, You’re not-OK” (IU-

Question 11

The OK Corral

Answer 11

Each of us arrives in adulthood having written a script based on one of the four life positions. But we don’t stay in that position every hour of the day. Minute by minute, we shift between positions

Question 12

Script

Answer 12

an overall life plan, a life path that each of us seemed destined to follow; the method of uncovering the early decisions, made unconsciously, as to how life shall be lived. It is one of five clusters of Transactional Analysis

Question 13

Contracts

Answer 13

The use of written agreements signed by the client and the reality therapist, with descriptions of what the client has freely committed himself or herself to doing, as a plan of action, for meeting the client’s wants and needs in a responsible way that does not hurt others

Question 14

Drivers

Answer 14

An aroused state of psychological tension that typically arises from a need. A drive, such as hunger or thirst, motivates the organism to act in ways that will reduce the tension. So, for example, when you become hungry (tension caused by need for food) you are motivated to eat (method of reducing the tension)

Question 15

Strokes

Answer 15

are the recognition, attention or respon- siveness that one person gives another. Strokes can be positive (nicknamed “warm fuzzies”) or negative (“cold pricklies”

Question 16

Injunctions

Answer 16

Transactional Analysis identifies twelve key injunctions, which people commonly build into their scripts. These in the sense are powerful “I can’t/mustn’t…” messages that embed into a child’s belief and life-script

Question 17

Games People Play

Answer 17

Thewaysin whichpeoplebehaveinorderto get anadvantage: Nottellingthewholetruthis one of thegamesthatpeopleplay.

Question 18

Ego State Diagram

Answer 18

Ego states are a consistent pattern of thinking, feeling and behavior. There are two basic models of ego states; these are the structural model and the behavioural model (formerly known as the functional model)

Question 19

Transactional Stimulus

Answer 19

The behavior (verbal or nonverbal) produced by one person in acknowledgement of the presence of others when two or more people encounter each other.

Question 20

Transactional Response

Answer 20

the response to the transactional stimulus by another person.

Question 21

Agent

Answer 21

a means or instrument by which a guiding intelligence achieves a result

Question 22

Respondent

Answer 22

Respondent behavior is a behavioral process (or behavior) that happens in response to some stimuli, and is essential to an organism’s survival

Question 23

Parent

Answer 23

This is our ingrained voice of authority, absorbed conditioning, learning and attitudes from when we were young. We were conditioned by our real parents, teachers, older people, next-door neighbors, aunts and uncles. Our Parent is made up of a huge number of hidden and overt recorded playbacks. Typically embodied by phrases and attitudes starting with ‘how to’, ‘under no circumstances’, ‘always’ and ‘never forget’, ‘don’t lie, cheat, steal’, etc, etc. Our parent is formed by external events and influences upon us as we grow through early childhood. We can change it, but this is easier said than done. (Parent is our ‘Taught’ concept of life)

Question 24

Child

Answer 24

Our internal reaction and feelings to external events form the ‘Child’. This is the seeing, hearing, feeling, and emotional body of data within each of us. When anger or despair dominates reason, the Child is in control. Like our Parent we can change it, but it is no easier. (Transactional Analysis) Child is our ‘Felt’ concept of life

Question 25

Adult

Answer 25

Our ‘Adult’ is our ability to think and determine action for ourselves, based on received data. The adult in us begins to form at around ten months old, and is the means by which we keep our Parent and Child under control. If we are to change our Parent or Child we must do so through our adult. (Transactional Analysis) (Adult is our ‘Thought’ concept of life

Question 26

Eric Berne

Answer 26

Transactional Analysis is one of the most accessible theories of modern psychology. Transactional Analysis was founded by Eric Berne, and the famous ‘parent adult child’ theory is still being developed today.

Question 27

William Glasser

Answer 27

The founder of reality therapy an approach that focuses on the present and emphasizes a client’s strengths and ability to make choices and control his or her behavior.

Question 28

Success Identity

Answer 28

where one comes to possess a willingness and set of skills for attaining our basic needs in positive and constructive ways. (Reality Therapy)

Question 29

Failure Identity

Answer 29

failure to attain one’s needs in responsible ways by giving up, choosing negative symptoms, or becoming negatively addicted to activities which we perceive to give us instant belonging, power, etc. (Reality Therapy)

Question 30

Racket

Answer 30

a dual strategy of getting “permitted feelings” while covering up feelings which we truly feel, but we regard as being “not allowed”. A set of behaviors and chosen strategies learned and practiced in childhood which in fact help to cause these feelings to be experienced. (Transactional Analysis)

Question 31

Complementary Transaction

Answer 31

characterized by both people communicating from the same ego state (Transactional Analysis)

Question 32

Crossed Transaction

Answer 32

characterized by both people coming from different ego states and resulting in an unexpected hurtful response. They disrupt communication. (Transactional Analysis)

Question 33

Ulterior Transaction

Answer 33

characterized by people coming from different ego states, but the responses appear to be from the same ego state (Transactional Analysis

Question 34

Game Analysis

Answer 34

involves three levels of game or ulterior transactions that appear to be complementary. These three level of games are: a) 1st degree - games played in social situations leading to mild upsets. b) 2nd degree - games played in intimate circles and lead to really bad feeling. c) 3rd degree - games are violent usually ending in jail, hospital or the morgue. (Transactional Analysis)

Question 35

Existential Anxiety

Answer 35

resulting from the freedom of choice of all humans to freely choose their own person and destiny (Existential Therapy)

Question 36

Neurotic Anxiety

Answer 36

anxiety which arises from an unconscious fear that the libidinal impulses of the Id will take control at an inopportune time. This type of anxiety is driven by a fear of punishment that will result from expressing the Id’s desires without proper sublimation. (Psychoanalytic Therapy)

Question 37

Classical Conditioning

Answer 37

[Pavlov’s experiment] a process of behavior modification in which a subject learns to respond in a desired manner such that a neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) is repeatedly presented in association with a stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus) that elicits a natural response (the unconditioned response) until the neutral stimulus alone elicits the same response (the conditioned response). (Behavior Therapy)

Question 38

Operant Conditioning

Answer 38

method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. An association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior. (Behavior Therapy)

Question 39

B. F. Skinner

Answer 39

regarded as the father of Operant Conditioning and introduced a new term into Thorndike’s Law of Effect with reinforcement. Skinner conducted experiments using animals which he placed in a “Skinner Box” to study operant conditioning. (Behavior Therapy)

Question 40

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 40

tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar response after the response has been conditioned. Ex: if child has been conditioned to fear a stuffed white rabbit, it will exhibit fear of objects similar to the conditioned stimulus such as a white toy rat. (Behavior Therapy)

Question 41

Modeling

Answer 41

learning through observation and imitation (Behavior Therapy)

Question 42

Functional Analysis

Answer 42

determining which antecedents and consequences are associated with certain behaviors. (Behavior Therapy)

Question 43

Extinction

Answer 43

when a previous behavior no longer exists; a decrease in frequency of targeted behavior (Behavior Therapy)

Question 44

Ritual Prevention

Answer 44

a technique used in behavior therapy to reduce compulsive behaviors (OCD). (Behavior Therapy)

Question 45

Reinforcement

Answer 45

term used in operant conditioning to refer to anything that increases the likelihood that a response will occur. It increases or strengthens the behavior. Two different types - positive and negative reinforcements. (Behavior Therapy)

Question 46

Discriminative Stimuli

Answer 46

The ability to be able to react differently, depending upon the stimulus condition that is present. Example: Children learn how to act differently around bullies as opposed to friends.

Question 47

Stimulus Control

Answer 47

Is said to occur when an organism behaves in one way in the presence of a given stimulus and another way in its absence. For example, the presence of a stop sign increases the probability that “braking” behavior will occur.

Question 48

Albert Bandura

Answer 48

Albert Bandura Was born in 1925 in Mundare, Alberta, Canada. He made significant contributions to several areas of psychology, including authoring an early key text on behavior therapy and behavior modification, Principles of Behavior Modification (1969). He is well known for his research on observational learning (modeling) and his development of social learning theory (Bandura (1977b), or social cognitive theory.

Question 49

Behavior Modification

Answer 49

Operant conditioning techniques, or the use of reinforcement contingencies developed by Skinner, to modify behavior

Behavior modification is the traditional term for the use of empirically demonstrated behavior change techniques to increase or decrease the frequency of behaviors, such as altering an individual’s behaviors and reactions to stimuli through positive and negative reinforcement of adaptive behavior and/or the reduction of behavior through its extinction, punishment and/or satiation. It is an application of behavior analysis that does not search for the behavioral antecedent.

Question 50

John B. Watson

Answer 50

John Broadus Watson (January 9, 1878 – September 25, 1958) was an American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism. Watson promoted a change in psychology through his address, Psychology as the Behaviorist Views it, which was given at Columbia University in 1913. Through his behaviorist approach, Watson conducted research on animal behavior, child rearing, and advertising. In addition, he conducted the controversial “Little Albert” experiment.

Question 51

Punishment

Answer 51

An operant conditioning technique, also called aversive control, aimed at decreasing an undesirable target behavior. There are two kinds of punishment: positive punishment and negative punishment

Question 52

Shaping

Answer 52

In shaping there is a gradual movement way from the original behavior to the desired behavior by reinforcing approximations of the desired behavior.

Question 53

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

Answer 53

Pavlov demonstrated that dogs could learn to salivate at the ringing of a bell through a process of temporally and spatially contiguous associations between the bell and direct access t food, or even the sight to food.

Question 54

Conditioned Reflex

Answer 54

A reflex in which the response (e.g., secretion of saliva in a dog) is occasioned by a secondary stimulus (e.g., the ringing of a bell) repeatedly associated with the primary stimulus (e.g., the sight of meat)

Question 55

Systematic Desensitization

Answer 55

Systematic Desensitization involves paring an anxiety- provoking stimulus that usually elicits an anxiety response (as a conditioned response, or CR) with a competing response, usually relaxing

Question 56

Consequence

Answer 56

Consequences are events that maintain a behavior in some way either by increasing or decreasing it

Question 57

Habit

Answer 57

Habits (or wonts) are routines of behavior that are repeated regularly and tend to occur subconsciously. In the American Journal of Psychology (1903) it is defined in this way: “A habit, from the standpoint of psychology, is a more or less fixed way of thinking, willing, or feeling acquired through previous repetition of a mental experience

Question 58

Competence

Answer 58

Competence is the ability of an individual to do a job properly

Question 59

Skinner Box

Answer 59

Developed by B. F. Skinner, a Skinner box is a chamber that contains a bar or key that an animal can press or manipulate in order to obtain food or water as a type of reinforcement. The Skinner box also had a device that recorded each response provided by the animal as well as the unique schedule of reinforcement that the animal was assigned

Question 60

Social Learning Theory

Answer 60

Social Learning Theory was developed by Albert Bandura which combined classical and operant conditioning with observational leaning. Bandura made cognition a legitimate focus for behavior therapy.

Question 61

Observational Learning

Answer 61

Observational Learning is a type of learning in which people are influenced by observing the behaviors of another.

Observational learning is a type of learning in which a person learns new information and behaviors by observing the behaviors of others

Question 62

Self-Efficacy

Answer 62

Self-efficacy is the individual’s belief or expectation that he or she can master a situation and bring about desired outcomes

Question 63

Walden Two

Answer 63

A utopian novel written by behavioral psychologist, B.F. Skinner; it is controversial because it rejects free will and a rejection of the idea that human nature is controlled by a non corporeal entity such as spirit or soul.

Question 64

Flooding

Answer 64

a technique that exposes the client to stimuli that elicit maximal anxiety for the purpose of eventually extinguishing the anxiety