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Clinical Anatomy > Lecture 9: Small Animal Urogenital > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Small Animal Urogenital Flashcards

1
Q

What is your landmark for the right gutter

A

Descending duodenum

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2
Q

what structures are in the right gutter?

A

right adrenal gland, right kidney, right ovary, right limb of pancreas

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3
Q

what structures are in the left gutter?

A

left ovary, left kidney, left adrenal gland

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4
Q

To expose the right kidney, right adrenal, right ovary and right limb of the pancreas what must you move

A

Descending duodenum

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5
Q

Does the right kidney sit more cranial or caudal, compared to the left

A

Cranial

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6
Q

What structure can the right adrenal gland be hiding under

A

Caudate lobe of liver

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7
Q

which gutter is it easiest to see the caudal vena cava and portail vein?

A

right gutter

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8
Q

What is the landmark for the left gutter

A

Descending colon

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9
Q

To expose left kidney, left adrenal and left ovary what must you retract

A

Descending colon

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10
Q

The renal vessels and ureter are located on the ___ aspect of the kidney

A

Medial

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11
Q

what arteries are these?

A
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12
Q

The ureters course ___to the bladder

A

cranial/dorsal

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13
Q

The adrenal glands sit ___- relative to kidneys

A

Cranial medially

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13
Q

which sex’s bladder is more dorsal?

A

male

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14
Q

what is indicated by the black circles

A

Adrenal glands

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15
Q

Where do the ureters attach

A

Dorsal aspect of the bladder on the trigone/ ureterovesicular junction

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16
Q

The uterus sits ___ to the bladder

A

Dorsal

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17
Q

The urinary bladder apex is cranial or caudal

A

Cranial

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18
Q

What structures are contained within the spermatic cord

A

Testicular artery, vein and nerve, ductus deferens (vas deferens) surrounded by vaginal tunic

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19
Q

Identify 1-3

A
  1. Pampiniform plexus (venous network)
  2. Ductus deferens
  3. Vaginal tunic
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20
Q

The contents of the spermatic cord pass through what structure to course down towards the testicle

A

Inguinal canal

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21
Q

Where does the vasculature that supplies the male and female urogenital system come from

A

Dorsal aspect off the aorta

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22
Q

Do you want to do a cystotomy on the dorsal or ventral aspect and why

A

Ventral, less vasculature

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23
Q

What connects the ovaries to the body wall

A

Suspensory ligament

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24
Q

What ligament do you want to break off during spay to allow for better visualization

A

Suspensory ligament

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25
Q

What vein and artery do you need to ligate during spay

A

Uterine

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26
Q

What structure is a swelling of the caudal uterine body

A

Cervix

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27
Q

What ligament attaches ovary to the uterine horn

A

Proper ligament

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28
Q

If you are unsure whether you grabbed the ureter or the uterine horn how can you differentiate between the two

A

Tract back Caudally and see if you see the bifurcation of the uterine Horn, if not you have the ureter

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29
Q

What is being held by the hemostat

A

proper ligament

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30
Q

identify 1-3

A
  1. Suspensory ligament
  2. Vascular pedicle
  3. Uterine horn
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31
Q

what ligament is this

A

Broad ligament

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32
Q

What is the red arrow pointing to

A

Round ligament

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33
Q

What ligament provides a tight band of tension that can be broken down to increase exposure during spays

A

Round ligament

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34
Q

What is the black arrow pointing to

A

uterine artery

35
Q

What is indicated by the asterisks

A

Mineralized opacity in the urinary bladder, potential stone

36
Q

what is indicated by the white arrows

A

Urethral stones

37
Q

Where should you make your incision for cystotomy and why

A

Ventral aspect of bladder to avoid vessels and ureters

38
Q

What do you want to do after you scope out bladder stones

A

Flush normograde and retrograde

39
Q

What is indicated by the arrow and how should it be approached during cystotomy

A

Arrow: caudal superficial epigastric vessel
During cystotomy best to make incision on either side but if not possible can cut through it and ligate

40
Q

What is the holding layer for cystotomy closure

A

Submucosa

41
Q

What is indicated by the yellow arrows

A

Struvite bladder stones (magnesium stones) that appear smooth on rads

42
Q

What is the most common stone type

A

Struvite

43
Q

___induced stones are more common in dogs

A

UTI

44
Q

Sterile Struvite stones are more common in what species

A

Cats

45
Q

What pH do Struvite stones tend to form in

A

Alkaline urine with pH >6.5-7.1

46
Q

What pH do calcium stones tend to form in

A

Acidic urine

47
Q

What stones can you use dietary dissolution

A

Magnesium (not calcium)

48
Q

How long can dietary dissolution of stones take and what should you be doing in meantime

A

Can take 8 weeks, repeat rads every 4 weeks, monitor for urethral obstruction

49
Q

Up to __% of urine samples in normal dogs have Struvite crystals

A

50%

50
Q

T or F: crystalluria is always an indicator of stone formation

A

False! 50% of normal dogs have crystals in their urine so important to ask about urinary behavior and perform rads

51
Q

How does voiding urohydropropulsion work

A

Fill bladder with saline and express stones out

Only works for stones < 5mm and in dogs >8kg

52
Q

Case example: 9yr, FI KCCS with 1 week lethargy, decrease appetite, PU/PD, febrile, increase HR and RR. Mildly tense on abdominal palpation, abdomen feels distended and doughy. CBC shows marked neutrophilia with left shift, chem shows hyperglobulinemia and hypoalbuminemia. UA=1.010, pH=7, bacteriuria and pyuria. The following x-ray was taken. What is the problem

A

pyometra

53
Q

When can pregnancy be detected by palpating vesicles

A

25-35 days

54
Q

In pregnant small animal, uterine swelling can be seen on radiographs when

A

21-45 days

55
Q

When can calcification of skeletal structures be seen during pregnancy

A

Day 45

56
Q

When can gestational sacs be seen on ultrasound

A

As early as 20-22 but easier to see by day 25 with heartbeat

57
Q

What are you looking for in ultrasound of suspected pyometra

A

Placing prob on ventral aspect, visualize bladder and then look dorsal to bladder to find uterus and note an anechoic fluid filled structures

58
Q

What is the following ultrasound indicative of

A

Pyometra

59
Q

When does pyometra typically present after estrus

A

2-4 months

60
Q

At what age is pyometra typically diagnosed

A

> 7

61
Q

What bacteria is commonly cultured in pyometra

A

E. Coli

62
Q

What type of pyometra has purulent vaginal discharge

A

Open cervix pyometra

63
Q

What type of pyometra may have no vaginal discharge and are more systemically ill

A

Closed cervix pyometra

64
Q

What is the survival rate of pyometra with surgery

A

95%

65
Q

What is the survival rate of pyometra with surgery if there is a uterine rupture

A

50%

66
Q

What is the survival rate of pyometra with medical management

A

85% with 30% recurrence

67
Q

When is breeding recommended if pursuing medical management of pyometra

A

Next cycle

68
Q

What is the treatment for pyometra

A

Ovariohysterectomy

69
Q

What percent of dogs and cats are cryptochorid

A

15% dogs and 1% cats

70
Q

When are testicles palpable in scrotum

A

6-8 weeks

71
Q

What side/testicle descends first

A

Left

72
Q

What side is cryptorchidism more common on

A

Right for inguinal and abdominal

73
Q

For large breed dogs is inguinal or abdominal cryptorchidism more common

A

Abdominal

74
Q

What are cryptorchidism patients at greater risk for

A

Intrabdominal testicular torsion and neoplasia

75
Q

Neuter before ___yrs old is recommended

A

5 yrs

76
Q

T or F: cryptorchidism is heritable and therefore breeding is not recommended

A

True

77
Q

What is a good method to use to find undescended testicle

A

Find the prostate and then the ductus deferens and trace it

78
Q

When performing a rectal exam, what structures would you mainly feel in an Intact male at the tip of your finger

A

Prostate, Trigone of bladder (potential stones)

79
Q

During a rectal exam when you flip finger ventrally to palpate dorsally what structures are you examining

A

LN, aortic pulse, and LS pain

80
Q

When doing a rectal exam and examining ventral aspect what you are examining

A

Urethra, check for any masses or stones

81
Q

If you are unable to distinguish between an anal gland abscesses and a fistula what can you do

A

Prescribe antibiotics in both scenarios because that will treat the abscess and temporarily the fistula, but the fistula will come back if just treated with antibiotics because it is immune mediated and therefore needs immunosuppressive drugs

82
Q

What is indicated by the asterisks

A

sublumbar lymphadenopathy that is compressing colon

83
Q

What is indicated by the arrow

A

enlarged prostate that is compressing colon

**some mineralization present in the prostate that can be indicative of metastatic neoplasia

84
Q

What is the site of a simple abdominocentesis

A

On linea alba, 1-2cm caudal to umbilicus

85
Q

If unable to obtain fluid from simple abdominocentesis what can you do

A

4 quadrant abdominocentesis around umbilicus

86
Q
A

Clinical Anatomy (11 decks)

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