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ANAT-316 > Lecture 21 - Reproductive Systems: Assigned Male at Birth > Flashcards

Lecture 21 - Reproductive Systems: Assigned Male at Birth Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 classifications for the major components of the AMAB reproductive system?

A
  1. Gonad-related
  2. Ducts
  3. Accessory glands
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2
Q

What are the gonad-related components?

A
  1. Scrotum
  2. Testes
  3. Epididymis
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3
Q

What are the ducts of the AMAB reproductive system?

A
  1. Ductus/Vas deferens
  2. Ejaculatory ducts
  3. Urethra
  4. Penis
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4
Q

What are the accessory glands of the AMAB reproductive system?

A
  1. Prostate gland (x1)
  2. Seminal vesicles (x2)
  3. Bulbourethral glands (x2)
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5
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

External component of the genital organ (w/ penis)

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6
Q

What structure of the AFAB is analogous to the scrotum?

A

Labia majora

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7
Q

What is the structure of the scrotum?

A

Dual-layered sack suspended from the perineum

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8
Q

What is found in the musculofascial layer?

A

Tunica dartos muscle

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9
Q

What is the tunica dartos muscle?

A

Subcutaneous muscle layer

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10
Q

What is the function of the tunica dartos muscle?

A

Regulate scrotal temperature

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11
Q

How can the tunica dartos muscle regulate scrotal temperature?

A

By reducing surface area to prevent heat loss (autonomic)

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12
Q

What is the process of sperm production called?

A

Spermatogenesis

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13
Q

What is the optimal temperature for spermatogenesis?

A

2-6° below core body temperature

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14
Q

What is the plexus found near the scrotum?

A

Pampiniform plexus

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15
Q

What is the pampiniform plexus?

A

A network of small spermatic veins in the spermatic cord

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16
Q

What does the pampiniform plexus drain into?

A

Testicular vein

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17
Q

What is a varicocele?

A

Engorgement of blood in the testicular vein due to a back up in the left renal vein

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18
Q

What is the function of the pampiniform plexus?

A

Regulate the temperature of the testes

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19
Q

How does the pampiniform plexus regulate the temperature of the testes?

A

By absorbing/dissipating heat from within the testicular artery

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20
Q

What does the spermatic cord do?

A

Communicates between abdominopelvic cavities and testis in the scrotum via the inguinal canal

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21
Q

Where does the spermatic cord pass?

A

Through the inguinal canal

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22
Q

What are the contents of the spermatic cord?

A
  1. Vas deferens
  2. Pampiniform plexus
  3. Testicular a. + v.
  4. Lymphatics
  5. Cremaster muscle and a. + v.
  6. Testicular innervation
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23
Q

What contributes to the layers of the inguinal canal?

A

Superficial to deep:
1. External oblique
2. Internal oblique
3. Transversus abdominis
4. Transversalis fascia

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24
Q

Where do the gonads develop?

A

Between the parietal peritoneum and abdominal wall fascia

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25
Q

What occurs to the testes during development?

A

Testes descend into the scrotum

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26
Q

Why do the testes become external?

A

To ensure the optimal temperature of the testes

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27
Q

What occurs during the descent of the testes?

A
  • Layers of anterior abdominal wall evaginate
  • Testes pulled with them
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28
Q

How does descent occur?

A

Via the shortening gubernaculum

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29
Q

What is the gubernaculum?

A

Fibrous tract that becomes the scrotal ligament

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30
Q

What do the AAW layers surround after descent?

A

They surround the testes spermatic cord

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31
Q

What do the AAW layers surrounding the testes become?

A

Layers of the spermatic fascia

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32
Q

What does the external oblique become around the testes?

A

External spermatic fascia

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33
Q

What does the internal oblique become around the testes?

A

Cremaster muscle

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34
Q

What does the transversalis fascia become around the testes?

A

Internal spermatic fascia

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35
Q

What does the peritoneum become around the testes?

A

Tunica vaginalis

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36
Q

What are the internal structures of the testis?

A
  1. Seminiferous tubules
  2. Straight tubules
  3. Rete testis
  4. Efferent ductules
  5. Epididymis
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37
Q

What occurs in the seminiferous tubules?

A

Site of spermatogenesis (production of spermatozoa)

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38
Q

What occurs in the rete testis?

A

Collecting chamber

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38
Q

What is the function of the straight tubules?

A

Connects seminiferous tubules to rete testis

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39
Q

What is the function of the rete testis?

A

Reabsorption of fluid to increase sperm concentration

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40
Q

Where do the efferent ductules run?

A

From the rete testis through the capsule to the epididymis

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41
Q

What is the epididymis?

A

Long coiled duct in the scrotum

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42
Q

What is the role of the epididymis?

A

Maturation of spermatozoa and storage (2-3 months)

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43
Q

What is characteristic of the head of the epididymis?

A

Efferent ductules form an enlarged coiled mass

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44
Q

What is characteristic of the body of the epididymis?

A

Run along the posterolateral aspect of the testis

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45
Q

What is characteristic of the tail of the epididymis?

A
  • Found on the inferior pole of the testis
  • Continuous with vas deferens
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46
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis?

A

Covered by a closed sac of the peritoneum

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47
Q

What is the tunica albuginea?

A

Thick testicular capsule

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48
Q

What is the vas deferens?

A
  • Long tube conduit
  • Made of smooth muscle
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49
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

Transports spermatozoa from the tail of the epididymis in the scrotum to the ejaculatory duct in the pelvic cavity

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50
Q

How does the spermatozoa go from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct?

A

Via the spermatic cord

51
Q

Where does the vas deferens first travel?

A

Up the spermatic cord, through the inguinal canal

52
Q

Where does the vas deferens go at the deep inguinal ring?

A
  1. Bends medially around lateral side of the inferior epigastric a.
  2. Crosses the external iliac v. at pelvic inlet
  3. Enters the pelvic cavity
53
Q

Where does the vas deferens pass after entering the pelvic cavity?

A

Descends medially along the pelvic wall, deep to the peritoneum

54
Q

What does the vas deferens cross over?

A
  • Crosses over the ureter
  • Inferior medially along the base of the bladder
55
Q

What portion of the vas deferens enlarges?

A

The ampulla of the vas deferens

56
Q

What does the vas deferens join?

A

The seminal vesicle

57
Q

What does the joining of the vas deferens and seminal vesicle form?

A

The ejaculatory duct

58
Q

What are the seminal vesicles?

A
  • Paired accessory glands
  • Coiled tubes situated between the bladder and rectum
59
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicles at ejaculation?

A

Secretes most of the fluid that becomes semen

59
Q

Where are the seminal vesicles located?

A

Lateral to the ampulla of the vas deferens at the base of the bladder

60
Q

What other function does the seminal vesicle have?

A

Provides nourishment to spermatozoa

61
Q

What is the prostate?

A
  • Unpaired accessory sex gland
  • Surrounds the urethra
62
Q

Where is the prostate located?

A
  • Lies immediately inferior to the bladder
  • Posterior to the pubic symphysis
  • Anterior to the rectum
63
Q

What is the shape of the prostate?

A

Inverted cone (base at the neck of the bladder, tip on pelvic floor)

64
Q

What is the prostate composed of?

A

Individual glandular complexes

65
Q

Where do these glandular complexes empty into?

A

The urethra through individual openings

66
Q

What is the function of the prostate at ejaculation?

A
  1. Secretes a slightly alkaline fluid into semen
  2. Helps neutralize the acidity of the vaginal tract
  3. Promotes survival of spermatozoa
67
Q

What are the bulbourethal glands?

A

Small, paired, pea-shaped mucous glands

68
Q

Where are the bulbourethral glands located?

A
  • Situated in the deep perineal pouch
  • Posterior to the urethra
69
Q

Where do the ducts of glands pass?

A

Through the perineal membrane

70
Q

What do the bulbourethral glands drain into?

A

The urethra at the root of the penis

71
Q

What is the function of the bulbourethral glands?

A

Pre-ejaculatory emission of fluid that neutralizes acidic urine that may be present in the urethra and lubricates it

72
Q

What is the perineal membrane?

A
  • A thick triangular fascial structure attached to inferior rami of the pubic bones
  • Free posterior edge
73
Q

What does the perineal membrane overlie?

A

The urogenital hiatus

74
Q

What does the perineal membrane provide?

A

Attachment for external genitalia and opening for urethra

75
Q

What is contained in the deep perineal pouch?

A
  1. Thin muscular sheet
  2. Sphincter muscle for urethra
  3. Bulbourethral glands
76
Q

Where is the deep perineal pouch located?

A

Between the perineal membrane and pelvic diaphragm

77
Q

What are the erectile tissues of the penis?

A
  1. Corpora cavernosa (x2)
  2. Corpus spongiosum (x1)
78
Q

Where are these erectile tissues located?

A

Within the thick fascia, Buck’s

79
Q

What are the 3 parts of the penis?

A
  1. Root
  2. Body
  3. Glans
80
Q

What is the root of the penis?

A

Anchored to the perineal membrane and pubic arch

81
Q

What are the parts of the penis?

A
  1. Crura (2x)
  2. Bulb (1x)
82
Q

What is the crura of the root of the penis?

A

Proximal parts of the corpora cavernosa

83
Q

What is the bulb of the root of the penis?

A

Proximal part of corpus spongiosum

84
Q

What forms the body of the penis?

A

The “free” parts of corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum

85
Q

What is the glans of the penis?

A

Expansion of the corpus spongiosum (over the distal end of the corpora cavernosa)

86
Q

Where are the skeletal muscles of the penis located?

A

Only associated with the root

87
Q

What are the skeletal muscles of the penis?

A
  1. Ischiocavernosus
  2. Bulbospongiosus
88
Q

Where is the ischiocavernosus located?

A
  • Covers crura of the penis
  • Anchored to the ischial tuberosity and pubic arch
89
Q

What is the function of the ischiocavernosus?

A

Moves blood from the crura into the body of the penis during erection

90
Q

Where is the bulbospongiosus located?

A
  • Covers the bulb of the penis
  • Anchored to the perineal membrane and body
91
Q

What is the function of the bulbospongiosus?

A
  1. Moves blood into distal penis (erection)
  2. Pulsatile emission of the semen (ejaculation)
  3. Emptying urethra during urination
92
Q

What is the innervation of the skeletal muscles of the penis?

A

Pudendal nerve (S2-S4)

93
Q

What type of innervation does the pudendal nerve give?

A

Somatic innervation

94
Q

What is the arterial blood supply of the penis?

A

Three paired arteries from the internal pudendal arteries

95
Q

What are the 3 paired arteries?

A
  1. Arteries of the bulb of the penis (to bulb)
  2. Dorsal penile a.
  3. Deep penila a.
96
Q

Where does the dorsal penile a. run?

A

Along the dorsum of the penis

97
Q

Where does the deep penile a. run?

A

Within corpora cavernosa

98
Q

What is the venous drainage of the penis?

A

Occurs with 1 unpaired vein

99
Q

What is the 1 unpaired vein for venous drainage?

A

Deep dorsal vein

100
Q

Where does the deep dorsal vein pass?

A

Under the pubis symphysis

101
Q

What does the deep dorsal vein join?

A

The prostatic plexus

102
Q

What does the deep dorsal vein drain into?

A

External pudendal v.

103
Q

What occurs during erection?

A
  1. Vasodilation of deep penile arteries
  2. Engorgement of corpora cavernosa
  3. Contraction of bulbo and ischiocavernosus
  4. Blood forced into distal region of penis
  5. Compression of deep dorsal vein under Buck’s
  6. Venous outflow inpeded
    = Erection
104
Q

What is the length of the urethra in an AMAB?

A

20 cm long

105
Q

Where does the urethra run?

A

From the bladder to the external urethral orifice

106
Q

How many bends are in the urethra?

A

Two bends (when the penis is flaccid)

107
Q

Where does the urethra pass through?

A
  • Prostate
  • Deep perineal pouch
  • Perineal membrane
  • Penis
108
Q

What are the parts of the urethra for an AMAB?

A
  1. Preprostatic urethra
  2. Prostatic part
  3. Membranous part
  4. Spongy (penile) urethra
109
Q

How long is the preprostatic urethra?

A

1 cm long

110
Q

What surrounds the preprostatic urethra?

A

The internal urethral sphincter (autonomic)

111
Q

What is the function of the internal urethral sphincter during ejaculation?

A

Prevents retrograde movement of semen into the bladder

112
Q

How long is the prostatic part?

A

3-4 cm long

113
Q

What surrounds the prostatic part?

A

Prostate (where the ejaculatory duct and glandular complex empties)

114
Q

How long is the membranous part?

A

~ 1 cm long

115
Q

What surrounds the membranous part?

A

External urethral sphincter (somatic)

116
Q

What does the membranous part of the urethra pass through?

A

Deep perineal pouch

117
Q

How long is the spongy urethra?

A

~ 15 cm long

118
Q

Where is the spongy urethra located?

A
  • Within the corpus spongiosum
  • Ends at the external urethral orifice
119
Q

What takes place in the spongy urethra?

A

Bulbourethral glands empty into the bulb region

120
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

Continuation of the parietal peritoneum of the abdominal cavity through the pelvic inlet

121
Q

What does the peritoneum drape over and form?

A

Drapes over: Pelvic viscera
Creating: Pouches and folds between viscera

122
Q

In an AMAB, where does the peritoneum run?

A
  • Drapes over bladder and superior pole of seminal vesicles
  • Reflects onto anterior aspect of rectum
123
Q

What does the peritoneum in an AMAB create?

A

Rectovesical pouch

124
Q

What is the rectovesical pouch?

A
  • Space between rectum and bladder
  • Represents the lowest part of the peritoneal cavity
125
Q

What causes an accumulation of fluid in the rectovesical pouch?

A

Inflammation or infection of the peritoneal cavity

ANAT-316 (25 decks)

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