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PNP WK1 Flashcards

Cell adaptation and injury, inflammation, drugs for inflam, wound healing

1
Q

What is the difference between necrosis and apoptosis?

A

Necrosis: accidental cell death creating inflammation, cell injury
Apoptosis: programmed cell death, cell suicide

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2
Q

What are examples of cell stressors?

A

Hypoxia, ageing, ischemia, trauma, infection, genetics

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3
Q

What is the process of necrosis?

A

Stressor causes cell membrane under pressure and will eventually break, ions from cell will leak into tissue causing inflammation and cell death

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4
Q

What is the process of apoptosis?

A

Stressors cause cell membrane to shrink/break into smaller cell components, controlled mechanism

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5
Q

What is the purpose of acute inflammation?

A

to bring white blood cells to injured site to initiate tissue repair

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6
Q

What are the stages of acute inflammation?

A

Vascular phase, Cellular phase

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7
Q

What is the beginning of the inflammatory process?

A

Injured cells release chemical mediators inti tissue environment to induce inflammation

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8
Q

Define the vascular phase:

A
  • Bradykinin released from injured cells to active pain receptors
  • Stimulates mast cells and basophils to release histamine
  • BK and HM cause vasodilation, and endothelial walls of blood vessel contract, causing vascular permeability
  • Plasma leak into injured tissue= exudate
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9
Q

Define cellular phase:

A
  • WBC (leukocytes) leak into tissue and will be attracted to injury (chemotaxis)
  • RBC gather in middle of vessel and is thicker with less plasma
  • cause swelling and begin absorbing dead cells (PHAGOCYTOSIS)
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10
Q

What are the different types of exudate?

A

Serous: watery with small amounts of protein and WBC
Fibrinous: thick and sticky with high cell and fibrin count
Purulent: thick fluid containing leukocytes, cell debris and microorganisms
Hemorrhagic: high amounts of RBC and tissue/blood vessel damage

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11
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A
  • Caused from unresolved acute inflammation
  • monocytes and macrophages access injured site
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12
Q

What causes chronic inflammation?

A
  • Persistent infection
  • Autoimmune disease
  • Prolonged exposure to allergen or toxic agent
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13
Q

What role to prostaglandins play in the body?

A
  • Blood clot formation
  • Control inflammatory processes
  • maintenance of renal blood flow
  • Release pain mediators
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14
Q

What are the processes of NSAIDs?

A

Inhibit prostaglandin production via inhibit the COX enzymes activities

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15
Q

What is the process of prostaglandin release?

A

Tissue damage, phospholipase A2 release, converted into arachidonic acid, converted into prostaglandins and lipoxygenase

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16
Q

Examples of Selective COX 1 inhibitors

A

Indomethacin
Aspirin

17
Q

Examples of Non-selective COX inhibitors

A

Naproxen
Ibuprofen

18
Q

Examples of Selective COX 2 inhibitors

A

Diclofenac
Celecoxib

19
Q

What are glucocorticoids?

A

Naturally occurring steroid hormones in the blood - Cortisone
used to fight inflammation, made of fat, and

20
Q

WHat are inflammatory inducers?

A

Microbes, foreign antigens, tissue necrosis
Cause inflammation

21
Q

What are inflammatory receivers?

A

Macrophages, dendritic and mast cells, neutrophils
- Pick up on inflam. inducers

22
Q

What are inflammatory mediators?

A

Cytokines and Autocoids (histamines, PG)
- bring in help to overcome problem

23
Q

What are some examples of glucocorticoids?

A

Hydrocortisone
Prednisone
Dexamethasone
Beclomethasone

24
Q

What is the mechanism of action for steroidal glucocorticoids?

A

GC arrives to target cell, enters membrane (both lipids), binds to complex in nucleus and will act as transcripting factor to release anti-inflammatories

25
Q

What is the first stage of wound healing?

A

Inflammatory: inflammation then blood clot forms to seal area, debris has been cleared by phagocytes (3-4 days)

26
Q

What is the second stage of wound healing?

A

Proliferation: granular tissue formed by fibroblast allows blood vessel to grow in area (angiogenesis), new epithelial cells around area

27
Q

What is the third stage of wound healing?

A

Remodelling: granular tissue becomes scar tissue

28
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary intention healing?

A

1st: caused by clean/narrow incision, 2 edges are easily closed, minimal scarring
2nd: caused by large trauma, broader, granulates over and heals from base (doesn’t reconnect) wider

pnp (7 decks)

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