PNP WK5

Question 1

What are complete v incomplete fractures?

Answer 1

Complete: bone is broken into distinct pieces
Incomplete: bone is still in one piece

Question 2

What are open v closed fractures?

Answer 2

Open: skin protrusion from bone
Closed: skin is not broken

Question 3

What are the differences in fracture lines?

Answer 3

Simple: single fraction lines
Comminute: multiple fragment
Compression: bone crushes

Question 4

What is compartment syndrome?

Answer 4

Excessive pressure within a muscle compartment caused by bleeding/inflammation

Question 5

What are the differences between transverse, linear, oblique, spiral fractures?

Answer 5

Transverse: Across bone axis
Linear: Along bone axis
Oblique: Angle break from bone shaft
Spiral: Twisting around bone

Question 6

What are the 4 stages of healing bone fractures?

Answer 6

1. Haematoma formation: blood will collect in bone, will enlarge into medullary cavity, rich in clotting factors will form granulated
2. Fibrocartilaginous callous formation: osteoblasts lay down collagen fibres and chondroblasts lay down new cartilage
3. Ossified callous: undergoes mineralization with Ca+ and NaCL- becomes hards
4. Remodelling: osteoblasts continue to lay down bone to help with strength

Question 7

What is a metabolic bone disorder?

Answer 7

Characterized by a decrease bone density and mass due to an increased osteoclastic activity

Question 8

What is the pathophysiology of osteoporosis?

Answer 8

osteoc. reset bone at bone remodelling sites (BMU) through reabsorption of bone tissue, go through apoptosis and osteob. travel to site to form new bone matrix.
In osteoporosis the rate of reabsorption is higher than formation

Question 9

What are the medicines used for osteoporosis?

Answer 9

• Bisphosphonates and Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators, inhibit bone resorption through osteoc. take up

Question 10

What is the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis?

Answer 10

Degenerative disorder from breakdown of hyaline cartilage in damaged joints and creates abnormal growth patterns, causes join inflammation

Question 11

What is the pathophysiology for rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 11

Abnormal production of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators causes inflammation in the synovial membrane (at the joint) causing extensive damage to surrounding tissue
- Autoimmune disease

Question 12

What is a strain?

Answer 12

Stretching injury to a muscle or units caused by mechanical overload

Question 13

What are the three strain degrees?

Answer 13

1st degree: small tear to whole muscle
2nd degree: large tear but not complete
3rd degree: tear across whole width of muscle

Question 14

What is a repetitive strain injury?

Answer 14

• Disorder affecting muscles, tendons, and nerves that develops over a long period
• Interferes with blood flow and circulation to the affected structure/s and leads to inflammation and damage

Question 15

What is a sprain?

Answer 15

The ligamentous structures surrounding the joint become stretched or torn

Question 16

What is the difference between nociceptive and neuropathic pain?

Answer 16

Nociceptive: brought on by activation of pain fibres
Neuropathic: damage to the nerve fibres themselves

Question 17

What causes somatic pain?

Answer 17

Activation of pain receptors in either the body surface or musculoskeletal tissue.

Question 18

What causes visceral pain?

Answer 18

Arises from internal organs

Question 19

What is the physiology of pain (steps)?

Answer 19

1. Nociception: conversion of noxious stimuli into nerve impulses
2. Transmission: movement of nerve impulse along spinothalamic tract to brain
3. Perception: conscious experience of pain in brain
4. Modulation: an increase or decrease in perception on pain