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Human Physiology > Ch 17 > Flashcards

Ch 17 Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the respiratory system

A

-exchange of gases between atm/blood
-homeostatic regulation of body pH (CO2)
-protection from inhaled pathogens/irritants
-vocalization
-source of water and heat loss

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2
Q

how is air flow different that blood flow

A

air can be compressed

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3
Q

4 exchanges of respiratory system

A
  1. atm to lung
  2. lung to blood
  3. transport gases in blood
  4. blood to cells
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4
Q

upper respiratory system includes which components

A

mouth
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx

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5
Q

lower respiratory system includes

A

trachea
bronchi
lungs

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6
Q

muscles of inspiration

A

external intercostals
diaphragm
scalenes
sternocleidomastoids

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7
Q

muscles of expiration

A

internal intercostals
abdominal muscles

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8
Q

what can be described as a dome-shaped sheet of skeletal muscle

A

the diaphragm

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9
Q

function of pleural fluid

A

to create a moist slippery surface and decrease friction while holding lungs tight against the wall

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10
Q

the diameter of airways ______ and the XSA _____ while traveling downwards

A

decreases;
inreases

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11
Q

air pathway downwards

A

trachea -> primary bronchi -> smaller bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli

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12
Q

what must happen to air before it reaches bronchi

A

warmed to body temp
added water vapor
filter out foreign material

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13
Q

is it more efficient to breathe through the mouth or nose

A

nose

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14
Q

water saline layer allows cilia to

A

push mucus towards pharynx

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15
Q

where does mucus come from

A

goblet cells within epithelial layer

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16
Q

cystic fibrosis entails

A

no saline layer; cilia become trapped in sticky mucous

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17
Q

structure of alveoli

A

type 1: 95%; thinner; gas exchange
type 2: smaller, thicker, synthesize surfactant

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18
Q

function of surfactant

A

aid lungs as they expands
aid in solute transport

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19
Q

spirometer measures

A

volume of air moved with each breath

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20
Q

term for volume of normal breathing

A

tidal volume

21
Q

vital capacity is

A

TV + IRV + ERV

22
Q

flow is equivalent to

A

change in pressure / resistance

23
Q

when the diaphragm contracts, the thoracic volume ______

A

increases;
volume of lungs increase
pressure in lungs decrease

24
Q

when the diaphragm relaxes, the thoracic volume _____

A

decreases;
the volume of lungs decrease
the pressure of lungs increase

25
Q

intrapleural pressure is

A

subatmospheric;
elastic recoil of chest wall pulls out
elastic recoil of lung pulls inward
pleural pressure is -3 mm Hg

26
Q

what happens to your lung if you get stabbed

A

it collapses to unstretched size

27
Q

low compliance of lungs requires

A

more force in the muscles

28
Q

restrictive lung diseases include

A

fibrotic lung diseases
inadequate surfactant production

29
Q

a disease with low elastance of lungs is

A

emphysema; little recoil

30
Q

surfactant in more concentrated in

A

smaller alveoli

31
Q

surfactant composition

A

mixture containing proteins and phospholipids that disrupts cohesive forces between water molecules

32
Q

total pulmonary ventilation =

A

ventilation rate (x) tidal volume

33
Q

the deepest 150 mL of air

A

never moves

34
Q

alveolar ventilation =

A

ventilation rate x (tidal volume - dead space volume)
- far low than total pulmonary ventilation

35
Q

eupnea describes

A

normal quiet breathing

36
Q

hyperpnea describes

A

increased respiratory rate and/or volume in response to increase metabolism

37
Q

hyperventilation

A

increased respiratory rate and/or volume without increased metabolism

38
Q

hypoventilation

A

decreased alveolar ventilation
-shallow breathing, asthma, restrictive lung disease

39
Q

tachypnea

A

rapid breathing; usually increased respiratory rate with decrease depth (panting)

40
Q

dyspnea

A

difficulty breathing

41
Q

apnea

A

cessation of breathing

42
Q

as ventilation increases, what happens to alveolar partial pressures

A

P(O2) increases
P(CO2) decreases

43
Q

P(CO2) increase effect on bronchioles and arteries

A

bronchioles dilate
arteries dilate

44
Q

P(CO2) decrease effect on bronchioles and arteries

A

both constrict

45
Q

P(O2) increase effect on arteries

A

constrict

46
Q

P(O2) decrease effect on arteries

A

pulmonary arteries constrict
systemic arteries dilate

47
Q

local control mechanisms try to keep ventilation and perfusion

A

matched;
blood flow is diverted to well-ventilated alveoli

48
Q

auscultation is a

A

diagnostic technique

49
Q

obstructive lung diseases include

A

asthma
emphysema (low elastance)
chronic bronchitis

Human Physiology (11 decks)

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