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A&P 2 > Lesson 13/14 Exam 4 > Flashcards

Lesson 13/14 Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

respiratory system

A

organ system that takes in air and expels it from the body

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2
Q

respiration refers to

A

ventilation of the lungs

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3
Q

function of the respiratory system

A
  • gas exchange
  • communication
  • olfaction
  • acid base balance
  • blood pressure regulation
  • blood and lymph flow
  • platelet production
  • blood filtration
  • expulsion of abdominal contents
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4
Q

gas exchange in the respiratory system

A

O2 and CO2 exchanged between blood and air

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5
Q

communcation in the respiratory system

A

speech and other vocalization

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6
Q

olfaction is

A

sense of smell

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7
Q

acid base balance in respiratory system

A

influences pH of body fluids by eliminating CO2

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8
Q

blood pressure regulation in respiratory system

A

assists with synthesis of angiotensin II

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9
Q

angiotensin II

A

hormone that regulates blood pressure

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10
Q

blood and lymph flow in respiratory system

A

breathing creates pressure gradients between thorax and abdomen that promotes flow of lymph and blood

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11
Q

platelet production in respiratory system

A

more than half of platelets are made by megakaryotes in lungs

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12
Q

blood filtration in respiraotry system

A

lungs filter small clots

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13
Q

expulsion of abdominal contents i respiratory system

A

breath holding assists in urination, defacation, and childbirth

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14
Q

principle organs of the respiratory system

A
  • nose
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • lungs
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15
Q

conducting zone

A
  • passages that serve only for airflow
  • nostrils through major bronchioles
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16
Q

respiratory zone

A

regiosn that participate in gas exchange

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17
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

airway from nose through larynx

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18
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

regions from trachea through lungs

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19
Q

nose

A
  • warms, cleasnes, and humidifies inhaled air
  • detects odors
  • serves as resonating chamber that amplifies voice
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20
Q

the nose extends from

A

nostrils to posterior nasal apeture

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21
Q

nostrils aka

A

nares

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22
Q

posterior nasal apeture aka

A

choanae

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23
Q

facial part of the nose is shaped by

A

bone and hyaline cartilage

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24
Q

nasal septum

A

divides nasal cavity into right and left nasal fossae

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25
Q

vestibule

A

small dilated chamber just inside nostrils lined with stratified squamous epithelium

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26
Q

guard hairs aka

A

vibrissae

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27
Q

guard hairs

A

stiff hairs that block insects and debris from entering nose

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28
Q

chamber behind vestibule occupied by

A

superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae

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29
Q

nasal conchae project

A

from lateral walls toward septum

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30
Q

meatus

A

narrow air passage beneath each concha

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31
Q

narrowness and turbulence ensure

A

most air contacts mucous membranes to clean, warm, and moisten the air

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32
Q

nasal mucosa covered by

A

respiratory epithelium

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33
Q

respiratory epithelium

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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34
Q

ciliated cells

A

have motile cilia that propel mucus posteriorly toward pharynx to be swallowed

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35
Q

_____ produce most mucus in nasal respiratory epithelium

A

goblet cells

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36
Q

goblet cells are supplemented by

A

mucous glands in lamina propria

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37
Q

olfactory epithelium

A
  • located at roof of each nasal fossa
  • immobile cilia bind odoarant molecules
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38
Q

olfactory glands secrete ___

A

serous fluid

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39
Q

why do olfactory glands secrete serous fluid

A

to assist in the diffusion of odor molecules to receptors on the cilia

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40
Q

pharynx

A

muscular funnel extending about 5in from posterior nasal apertures to larynx

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41
Q

muscles of the pharynx assist in

A

swallowing and speech

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42
Q

what are the three regions of the pharynx

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
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43
Q

nasopharynx

A

posterior to nasal apertures and above soft palate

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44
Q

nasopharynx receives ___ and contains ____

A
  • auditory tubes
  • pharyngeal tonsil
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45
Q

what is the purpose fo the 90° downward turn in the nasopharynx?

A

to trap large particles

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46
Q

oropharynx

A

space between soft palate and epiglottis

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47
Q

what tonsils are located in the oropharynx

A

palatine

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48
Q

laryngopharynx

A

posterior to larynx from epiglottis to cricoid cartilage

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49
Q

larynx

A

cartilaginous chamber about 1.5in long

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50
Q

larynx primary function

A
  • keep food and drink out of airway
  • involved in sound production
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51
Q

epiglottis

A

flap of tissue that guards superior opening of larynx

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52
Q

what happens to the epiglottis when swallowing?

A

extrinsic muscles pull larynx upward and tongue pushes epiglottis down

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53
Q

what is the reason for the epiglottis closing?

A

closes airway and directs food to esophagus behind it

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54
Q

_____ play greater role in keeping food and drink out of the airway

A

vestibular folds

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55
Q

___ cartilages make up framework of larynx

A

nine

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56
Q

what are the first three cartilages of the larynx

A
  • epiglottis
  • thyroid
  • cricoid
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57
Q

epiglottis cartilage

A
  • most superior
  • spoon-shaped supportive plate of epiglottis
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58
Q

thyroid cartilage

A
  • shield-shaped and largest
  • contains laryngeal prominence
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59
Q

laryngeal prominence aka

A

adam’s apple

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60
Q

what causes adam’s apple to grow

A

testosterone

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61
Q

cricoid catilage

A
  • ring like shape
  • connects larynx to trachea
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62
Q

vestibular folds

A

two folds on internal wall of larynx that extend from thyroid cartilage to arytenoid cartilages

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63
Q

vestibular folds function

A

close larynx during swallowing

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64
Q

vestibular fold supported by

A

vestibular ligaments

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65
Q

vocal folds

A
  • produce sound when air passes between them
  • contain vocal ligaments
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66
Q

vocal ligaments covered in

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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67
Q

why are vocal ligaments covered in stratified squamous epithelium

A

to ensure they can endure vibration and contact

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68
Q

glottis

A

vocal cords and opening between them

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69
Q

how many layers of muscle are in the larynx?

A

two; superficial and deep

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70
Q

extrinsic muscles of larynx

A
  • superficial layer of muscles connecting larynx to hyoid bone
  • elevate larynx during swallowing
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71
Q

intrinsic muscles

A

abduct or adduct vocal cords depending on direction of rotation

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72
Q

air forced between adducted cords creates

A

high pitch sound

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73
Q

lower pitched sounds are audible when

A

cord are more slack

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74
Q

how do adult male cords compare to female

A
  • usually longer and thicker
  • vibrate more slowly
  • produce lower pitched sound
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75
Q

loudness is determined by

A

the force of air passing between vocal cords

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76
Q

what transforms crude sounds from the vocal cord into words

A

actions of the pharynx, oral cavity, tongue, and lips

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77
Q

trachea

A
  • tube that connects larynx to bronchi
  • windpipe
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78
Q

structure and location of trachea

A
  • rigid 4.5in long and 1in diameter
  • anterior to esophagus
  • supported by 16-20 c shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
79
Q

why is the trachea supported by cartilage

A

prevent collapse during inhalation

80
Q

why are opening of cartilage on trachea facing posteriorly

A

allows esophagus to expand as swallowing food passes by

81
Q

carina

A

internal median ridge on the lowermost tracheal cartilage

82
Q

the trachea is lined with

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

83
Q

the trachea contains what types of cells

A
  • mucus secreting cells
  • ciliated cells
  • stem cells
84
Q

mucociliary escalator

A
  • mechanism for debris removal
  • mucus traps inhaled particles, upward beating cilia moves mucus to pharynx to be swallowed
85
Q

tracheotomy

A

to make a temporary opening in the trachea and insert a tube to allow airflow

86
Q

tracheotomy prevents

A

asphyxiation due to upper airway obstruction

87
Q

potential problems of a tracheotomy include

A
  • inhaled air bypasses nasal cavity and is not humidified
  • if left for long, will dry out mucus membrane
  • become encrusted and interfere with clearance of mucus from tract thereby promoting infection
88
Q

intubation

A
  • when patient is on ventilator
  • air is introduced directly into trachea
89
Q

air must be __ and __ to prevent respiratory tract damage

A

filter and humidified

90
Q

what are the landmarks of the lung

A
  • base
  • apex
  • costal surface
  • mediastinal surface
  • hilum
91
Q

base of lung

A

broad concave portion resting on diaphragm

92
Q

apex of lung

A

tip that projects just above the clavicle

93
Q

costal surface of lung

A

pressed against the ribcage

94
Q

mediastinal surface of lung

A

face medially toward heart

95
Q

hilum of lung

A

slit through which the lung receives the main bronchus, blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves

96
Q

structures near hilum constitute

A

root of lung

97
Q

are the lungs symmetrical?

A

no

98
Q

right lung has a ___ volume than left lung

A

greater

99
Q

characteristics of the right lung

A
  • shorter than left
  • three lobes
100
Q

why is the right lung shorter than the left

A

liver rises higher on the right

101
Q

horizontal fissure of right lung separates ____

A

superior and middle lobes

102
Q

oblique fissure of right lung separates ____

A

middle and inferior lobes

103
Q

characteristics of left lung

A
  • tall and narrow
  • indentation to accommodate heart
  • had two lobes
104
Q

why is the left lung tall and narrow?

A

heart tilts toward the left and occupies more space on this side of mediastinum

105
Q

cardiac impression

A

indentation in left lung to accommodate heart

106
Q

what separates the two lobes of the left lung

A

oblique fissure

107
Q

bronchial tree

A

branching system of air tubes in each lung

108
Q

the bronchial tree extends from

A

main bronchus to terminal bronchioles

109
Q

how many terminal bronchioles are there

A

65000

110
Q

right main bronchus is ___ than left main bronchus

A

wider and more verticle

111
Q

aspirated foreign objects lodge more in the ____ than the ___

A

right than the left

112
Q

main bronchi divide into

A

lobar bronchi

113
Q

how many lobar bronchi branches are there in the right lung

A

three

114
Q

how many lobar bronchi branches are there in the left lung

A

two

115
Q

lobar bronchi branch into

A

segmental bronchi

116
Q

main bronchi supported by

A

rings of hyaline cartilage

117
Q

cartilage rings of main bronchus transition to

A

crescent-shaped plates in lobar and segmental bronchi

118
Q

all bronchi are lined with

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

119
Q

what happens to cells and epithelium are progress distally towards bronchioles

A

cells grow shorter and epithelium thinner

120
Q

lamina propria has abundance of

A

mucus glands and lymphoid nodules

121
Q

all divisions of bronchial tree have large amount of

A

elastic connective tissue

122
Q

what does elastic connective tissue in bronchial tree do?

A

contributes to recoil during respiration

123
Q

muscularis mucosae

A
  • mucosa of bronchial tree with well-developed layer of smooth muscle
  • contracts or relaxes to constrict or dilate airway
124
Q

bronchodilation and stim

A
  • increase in diameter of bronchus or bronchiole
  • epinephrine and sympathetic stim
125
Q

bronchoconstriction and stim

A
  • decrease in diameter of bronchus or bronchiole
  • histamine, parasym nerve, cold air, chemical irritants
126
Q

bronchioles

A

continuations of airway that ack supportive cartilage and are 1mm or less in diameter

127
Q

pulmonary lobule

A

portion of lung ventilated by one bronchiole

128
Q

bronchioles have what type of tissue

A

ciliated cuboidal epithelium

129
Q

each bronchiole branches into ___ terminal bronchioles

A

50-80

130
Q

terminal bronchioles

A
  • final braches of conducting zone
  • measure 0.5mm or less in diameter
131
Q

terminal bronchioles do not have

A

mucous glands or goblet cells

132
Q

terminal bronchioles do have

A

cilia that move mucus by mucociliary escalator

133
Q

each terminal bronchiole gives off two or more

A

respiratory bronchioles

134
Q

respiratory bronchioles have ___ budding off them

A

alveoli

135
Q

____ considered beginning of respiratory zone

A

respiratory bronchioles

136
Q

how many alveolar ducts come off of respiratory bronchioles

A

2-10

137
Q

alveolar ducts

A
  • elongated thin-walled passages with alveoli along their walls
  • end in alveolar sacs
138
Q

alveolar sacs

A

clusters of alveoli around a central space

139
Q

alveoli

A

microscopic air pouches in the lung each about 0.2-0.5mm in diameter

140
Q

how many alveoli in each lung

A

480 million

141
Q

what is the surface area of the alveoli in the lungs

A

70 m^2

142
Q

cells of the alveoli

A
  • squamous alveolar cells
  • great alveolar cells
  • alveolar macrophages
143
Q

squamous alveolar cells

A
  • type 1
  • thin cells allow rapid gas diffusion between air and blood
144
Q

____ cover 95% of alveolus surface area

A

type 1 squamous alveolar cells

145
Q

great alveolar cells

A
  • type 2
  • cuboidal cells
  • repair alveolar epithelium when squamous cells are damaged
146
Q

what covers the last 5% of alveolar surface

A

type 2 cells

147
Q

type 2 cells secrete

A

pulmonary surfactant

148
Q

pulmonary surfactant

A

mixture of phospholipids and proteins that coats the alveoli and prevents them from collapsing during exhalation

149
Q

how does surfactant prevent alveoli from collapsing

A

reduces surface tension

150
Q

alveolar macrophages

A
  • dust cells
  • wander lumens of alveoli and connective tissue between them
  • keep alveoli free from debris by phagocytizing dust particles
151
Q

why do millions of dust cells die each day

A

ride up mucociliary escalator to be swallowed and digested with their load of debris

152
Q

____ most numerous of all cells in lung

A

alveolar macrophages

153
Q

respiratory membrane

A

thin barrier between alveolar air and blood

154
Q

each alveolus surrounded by

A

basket of capillaries supplied by pulmonary artery

155
Q

three layers of respiratory membrane

A
  • squamous alveolar cells
  • endothelial cells of blood capillary
  • shared basement membrane
156
Q

pulmonary circuit

A
  • pulmonary trunk
  • pulmonary arteries
  • lobar arteries
  • capillaries surrounding alveoli
  • pulmonary veins
157
Q

pulmonary circuit function

A

unload CO2 from blood so it can be exhaled and pick up O2 from inhaled air

158
Q

systemic blood supply in lungs

A

bronchial arteries and veins

159
Q

bronchial arteries of lung systemic blood supply

A
  • arise form aorta
  • supply lung tissue with blood supply
160
Q

bronchial veins in lung systemic blood supply

A

drain this blood into azygos vein of thorax

161
Q

right to left shunt

A
  • some bronchial venous blood mixes with pulmonary venous blood
  • dilutes oxygen content somewhat before it reaches the left atrium
162
Q

to prevent fluid accumulation in the lungs

A

alveoli are kept dry by low blood pressure in capillaries

163
Q

average blood pressure in alveoli

A

10 mmHg

164
Q

low blood pressure in alveoli means what?

A
  • reabsorption overrides filtration and keeps the alveoli free of excess fluid
  • prevents rupture of respiratory membrane
165
Q

lung has more extensive ____ than any other organ

A

lymphatic drainage

166
Q

pleura

A

serous membrane that lines thoracic wall and forms surface of lung

167
Q

visceral pleura

A

forms surface of the lung

168
Q

parietal pleura

A

adheres to mediastinum, inner surface of rib cage, and superior surface of diaphragm

169
Q

pleural cavity

A
  • potential space between pleurae
  • contains film of pleural fluid
170
Q

is there usually room between membrane of pleura

A

no

171
Q

pleural effusion

A

pathological seepage of fluid into the pleural cavity

172
Q

causes of pleural effusion

A
  • congestive heart failure
  • pneumonia
  • pulmonary embolism
173
Q

functions of pleurae and pleural fluid

A
  • reduction of friction
  • creation of a pressure gradient
  • compartmentalization
174
Q

reduction of friction in pleura

A

allow lungs to move with minimal friction

175
Q

creation of pressure gradient in pleura

A

pressure gradient assists with lung inflation

176
Q

compartmentalization of pleura

A

prevents spread of infection from one organ in mediastinum to others

177
Q

breathing

A

repetitive cycle of inspiration and expiration

178
Q

respiratory cycle

A

one complete breath

179
Q

quiet respiration

A
  • breathing while at rest
  • effortless and automatic
180
Q

forced respiration

A
  • deep and rapid breathing
  • during exercise or playing instrument
181
Q

flow of air in and out of lungs depend on

A

pressure difference between air within lungs and outside body

182
Q

____ change lung volumes and create differences in pressure relative to atmosphere

A

respiratory muscles

183
Q

principle respiratory muscles

A

diaphragm and intercostals

184
Q

prime mover of respiration

A

diaphragm

185
Q

diaphragm moving respiration

A
  • contraction flattens diaphragm enlarging thoracic cavity and pulling air into lung
  • relaxation allows diaphragm to bulge upward again, compressing lungs and expelling air
186
Q

diaphragm accounts for ___ of airflow

A

two thirds

187
Q

internal and external intercostals

A
  • located between ribs
  • contribute to enlargement and contraction of thoracic cage
188
Q

accessory muscles of respiration act mainly in

A

forced respiration

189
Q

deep inspiration uses

A
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • scalenes
  • pectoralis minor
  • serratus anterior
190
Q

normal quiet inspiration uses

A

diaphragm and external intercostals

191
Q

normal quiet expiration

A

energy saving passive process achieved by elasticity of lungs and thoracic cage

192
Q

forced expiraion uses

A
  • rectus abdominus
  • internal intercostals
  • external obliques
193
Q

why are abdominal muscles used for forced expiration

A

increases abdominal pressure pushing viscera up against diaphragm increasing thoracic pressure

A&P 2 (9 decks)

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