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A&P 2 > Lesson 21-23 > Flashcards

Lesson 21-23 Flashcards

1
Q

internal female genitalia

A
  • ovaries
  • uterine tubes
  • uterus
  • vagina
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2
Q

external female genitalia

A
  • clitoris
  • labia minora
  • labia majora
  • associated subcutaneous glands
  • erectile tissue
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3
Q

the external female genitalia occupy the ____

A

perineum

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4
Q

primary female sex organ

A

ovaries

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5
Q

ovaries

A
  • female gonads that produce egg cells and sex hormones
  • almond-shaped and nestled in the posterior pelvic cavity
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6
Q

what are the two parts of the ovaries

A
  • outer cortex
  • inner medulla
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7
Q

cortex of the ovaries

A

where germ cells develop

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8
Q

medulla of the ovaries

A

occupied by major arteries and veins

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9
Q

each egg develops in its own ____

A

fluid filled follicle

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10
Q

ovulation

A

bursting of the follicle and releasing of the egg

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11
Q

uterine tubes

A
  • oviducts, fallopian tubes
  • canals about 10 cm long leading from ovary to uterus
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12
Q

what are the three regions of the fallopian tube

A
  • infundibulum
  • ampulla
  • isthmus
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13
Q

infundibulum of the fallopian tube

A

flared distal end with feathery fimbrae

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14
Q

ampulla of the fallopian tube

A

middle and longest part

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15
Q

isthmus of the fallopian tube

A

narrowed portion near uterus

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16
Q

describe the walls of the fallopian tubes

A

muscular lined with ciliated cells and secretory cells

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17
Q

what if the purpose of the cilia in the fallopian tube

A

they beat towards the uterus to help move the egg in that direction

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18
Q

uterus

A
  • thick muscular chamber that opens into roof of vagina
  • usually tilts forward over urinary bladder
  • pear shaped
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19
Q

what is the function of the uterus

A
  • harbors fetus
  • provides a source of nutrition
  • expels the fetus at the end of its development
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20
Q

what are the three regions of the uterus

A
  • fundus
  • body
  • cervix
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21
Q

fundus of the uterus

A

broad superior curvature

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22
Q

body of the uterus

A

middle portion

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23
Q

cervix of the uterus

A

cylindrical inferior end

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24
Q

cervical canal

A

passage that connects lumen of uterus to vagina

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25
Q

superior opening of cervical canal into the body of the uterus

A

internal os

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26
Q

external os

A

inferior opening of cervical canal into the vagina

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27
Q

cervical glands

A

secrete mucus that prevents spread of microorganisms from vagina to uterus

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28
Q

what happens to the mucus of the cervical glands during ovulation

A

becomes thinner to allow easier passage of sperm

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29
Q

what is the most common cause of cervical cancer

A

HPV

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30
Q

pap smear

A
  • test for early detection
  • loose cells from cervix and vagina are removed and microscopically examined
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31
Q

how is HPV transmitted

A

sexual intercourse

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32
Q

what are the three grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)

A

Classes 1, 2, and 3

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33
Q

class 1 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

A
  • mild dysplasia
  • usually associated with HPV
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34
Q

class 2 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

A
  • dysplasia with precancerous lesions
  • calls for biopsy
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35
Q

class 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

A
  • severe dysplasia carcinoma present
  • results may call for radiation therapy or hysterectomy
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36
Q

what are the three walls of the uterus

A
  • perimetrium
  • myometrium
  • endometrium
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37
Q

perimetrium of the uterus

A
  • outermost layer
  • thin serosa of simple squamous epithelium and loose connective tissue
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38
Q

myometrium (4)

A
  • middle muscular layer
  • constitutes most of uterine wall
  • composed of mainly of smooth muscle that sweeps downward from fundus
  • less muscular and more fibrous near cervix
39
Q

what is the function of the myometrium

A

produces labor contractions and expels fetus

40
Q

endometrium

A
  • inner mucosa
  • simple columnar epithelium
  • compound tubular glands
  • stroma populated with leukocytes, macrophages and other cells
41
Q

what are the two layers of the endometrium

A
  • functional layer
  • basal layer
42
Q

functional layer of the endometrium

A
  • stratum functionalis
  • superficial half to two-thirds
  • shed in each mentrual period
43
Q

basal layer of the endometrium

A
  • stratum basalis
  • deep layer
  • stays behind and degenerates a new functional layer with each menstrual cycle
44
Q

during pregnancy what is the function of the endometrium?

A

the site of attachment of the embryo and forms the eternal part of the placenta from which the fetus is nourished

45
Q

uterine artery

A

gives off several branches that penetrate myometrium and lead to arcuate arteries

46
Q

arcuate arteries in the uterine blood supply give rise to ____

A

spiral arteries

47
Q

spiral arteries of uterine blood supply

A
  • penetrate through the myometrium into the endometrium
  • wind between endometrial glands towards surface of mucosa
48
Q

what do spiral arteries do to the endometrium

A

rhymically constrict an ddilate making the mucosa alternately blanch and flush with blood

49
Q

vagina

A
  • distensible muscular tube 8-10 cm in length
  • tilter posteriorly between rectum and urethra
  • extends slightly beyond cervix as fornix
50
Q

what is the function of the vagina

A
  • allows for discharge of menstrual fluid
  • receipt of penis and semen
  • birth of baby
51
Q

wall of vagina contains

A
  • outer adventitia
  • middle muscularis
  • inner mucosa
52
Q

fornix

A

blind pouch of vagina that extends lightly beyond the cervix

53
Q

vaginal rugae

A

transverse friction ridges at lower end

54
Q

hymen

A

mucosal folds across vaginal opening

55
Q

during childhood the vaginal epithelium is ____ (tissue type) then changes to ____ (tissue type) at puberty

A
  • simple cuboidal
  • stratified squamous
56
Q

what causes the low pH that occurs in the vagina

A

bacteria fermenting glycogen to lactic acid

57
Q

what is the function of the low pH in the vagina

A

inhibits growth of pathogens

58
Q

mucosa of the vagina has abundant antigen-presenting _____

A

dendritic cells

59
Q

what happens in women in sexual HIV transmission?

A

HIV from infected semen invades the dendritic cells in the vagina mucosa

60
Q

how is the vagina lubricated

A

the seepage of serous fluid through the walls of vagina and mucus from cervical glands above it

61
Q

the external genitalia is collectively called what in women?

A
  • vulva
  • pudendum
62
Q

mons pubis

A

mound of fat over pubic symphysis bearing most of the pubic hair

63
Q

labia majora

A

pair of thick folds of skin and adipose tissue inferior to mons

64
Q

labia minora

A
  • thin, hairless folds medial to labia major
  • space between forms vestibule
  • anterior margins join to form hood like prepuce over clitoris
65
Q

vestibule of external female genitalia

A
  • space between labia minora
  • contains urethral and vaginal openings
66
Q

clitoris

A
  • erectile sensory organ
  • primary center for sexual stim
  • causes changes in vaginal blood flow that promotes fertilization
67
Q

what are the three sections of the clitoris

A
  • glans
  • body
  • crura (internal)
68
Q

vestibular bulbs

A

erectile tissue deep to labia majora

69
Q

greater vestibular glands

A
  • open into vestibule
  • keep vulva moist and provide lubrication
70
Q

lesser vestibular glands

A

provide lubrication

71
Q

paraurethral glands

A
  • female prostate
  • open into vestibule near the external urethral orifice
72
Q

_____ is the world’s leading and most deadly cancer in women

A

breast cancer

73
Q

describe tumors of breast cancer

A

tumors begin with cells from mammary ducts and may metastasize by mammary and axillary lymphatics

74
Q

signs of breast cancer

A
  • lump
  • skin puckering
  • changes in skin texture
  • drainage from nipple
75
Q

contributing causes of breast cancer

A
  • BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes
  • some tumors stimmed by estrogen
76
Q

BRCA1 and BRCA2

A

two breast cancer genes

77
Q

most breast cancer is (hereditary/non-hereditary)

A

non-hereditary

78
Q

risk factors for breast cancer

A
  • aging
  • exposure to ionizing radiation
  • carcinogenic chemicals
  • excessive alcohol and fat intake
  • smoking
79
Q

over ___ of cases of breast cancer lack identifiable risk factors

A

70%

80
Q

detection of breast cancer

A
  • tumor discovery usually during breast self-examination
  • mammogram
81
Q

mammogram

A

breast x ray that can detect tumors too small to be noticed by self exam

82
Q

treatments of breast cancer

A
  • lumpectomy
  • simple mastectomy
  • radical mastectomy
  • surgery followed by radiation or chemo
83
Q

lumpectomy

A

removal of tumor only in breast cancer

84
Q

simple mastectomy

A

removal of breast tissue only or breast tissue and some axillary lymph nodes

85
Q

radical mastectomy

A
  • removal of breast, underlying muscle, fascia, and lymph nodes
  • rarely done as it generally does not improve outcome
86
Q

breast reconstruction after mastectomy or lumpectomy is done with

A

skin , fat, and muscle from other parts of the body

87
Q

what time does puberty begin for females

A

8-10 for most well-nourished girls in affluent countries

88
Q

puberty in women is triggered by

A

rising levels of GnHR which stims anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH

89
Q

FSH stimulates what to happen to women during puberty

A

stims ovarian follicle and they begin to secrete estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, and as small amount of androgen

90
Q

estrogens

A

feminizing hormones with widespread effects on the body

91
Q

what are the three estrogens

A
  • estradiol
  • estriol
  • estrone
92
Q

which of the estrogens is most abundant

A

estradiol

93
Q
A

A&P 2 (9 decks)

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