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b&b > task 3 - neurotransmitters > Flashcards

task 3 - neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

synapse

A

; 3 components, junctions between the terminal buttons at the end of axonal branches of 1 neuron and the membrane of another

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2
Q

presynaptic membrane

A

axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron

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3
Q

synaptic cleft

A

gap of 20-40 nanometers that separates the presynaptic and post synaptic neurons

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4
Q

postsynaptic membrane

A

on the surface of the dendrite or the cell body of the post of the postsynaptic neuron

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5
Q

postsynaptic potentials

A

; brief depolarizations or hyperpolarization that increase or decrease the rate of firing of the axon of the postsynaptic neuron

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6
Q

directed synapses

A

synapses at which the site of neurotransmitter release and the site of neurotransmitter receptors are in close proximity

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7
Q

non-directed synapses

A

site of release is at some distance from the site of reception

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8
Q

ligand

A

→ the chemical that attaches to the binding site (neurotransmitters are types of ligands)

  • only bind to receptors
  • cannot enter into a neuron through a binding site, can open ion channels tho
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9
Q

endogenous ligand

A

any substance that is produced within the body and selectively binds to a receptor

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10
Q

exogenous ligand

A

any substance that originates outside the body and selectively binds to a receptor

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11
Q

binding site

A

the area that neurotransmitters attach to in order to exert their effects on cells

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12
Q

release zone

A

the region where the neurotransmitter is released

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13
Q

docking

A

→ a cluster of protein molecules in the vesicles membrane attach to other protein molecules located in the presynaptic membrane (docking the vesicle against the presynaptic membrane)

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14
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

→ small rounded structures made of membrane and filled with molecules

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15
Q

transport protein

A

; fills vesicles with neurotransmitter molecules

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16
Q

trafficking proteins

A

; involved in true release of neurotransmitters and recycling of vesicles

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17
Q

small vesicles

A

; (found in all terminal buttons) contain molecules of the neurotransmitter. produced in the soma (golgi apparatus) and are carried by fast axoplasmic transport to the terminal button

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18
Q

large vesicles

A

; contain 1 or more neuropeptides (short protein composed of 3-36 amino acids) only produced in the soma and transported through the axoplasm to the terminal buttons

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19
Q

axodendritic synapses

A

→ synapses of axon terminal buttons on dendrites or dendritic spines

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20
Q

axosomatic synapses

A

→ synapses of axon terminal buttons

21
Q

axoaxonic synapses

A

synapses that occur between 2 terminal buttons

22
Q

presynaptic inhibition

A

; axoaxonic synapse decreases the release of neurotransmitter

23
Q

presynaptic facilitation

A

; axoaxonic synapse increases the release of neurotransmitter

24
Q

dendrodentritic synapses

A

→ synapses between dendrites

25
Q

exocytosis

A

(cell secretes molecules of neurotransmitter) the membrane wrapped product migrates to the outer membrane of the cell, fuses with the membrane, and bursts, spilling its contents into the fluid surrounding the cell

  • with action potentials the small synaptic vesicles located just inside the presynaptic membrane fuse with the membrane and break open spilling their contents into the synaptic cleft
26
Q

EPSP

A

occur because neurotransmitter opens sodium channels (increases flow of Na+ ions into the neuron, causing depolarization of the neuron)

27
Q

IPSP

A

occur because neurotransmitter opens potassium channels or chloride channels (increase flow of K+ ions out of the neuron or the flow of CL- ions into it, respectively causing hyperpolarization of the neuron)

28
Q

voltage-dependent calcium channels

A

(in the release zone) calcium flows into the channels (when open) by the force of diffusion and electrostatic pressure [calcium transporters later remove the intracellular Ca]

some of the calcium ions bind with the clusters of protein molecules that join the membrane of the synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane produces fusion pore

29
Q

release-ready vesicles

A

docked against the inside of the presynaptic membrane, ready to release their contents when an action potential arrives (less than1% of the ones found in the terminal)

30
Q

recycling pool

A

; (10-15% of the total pool)

31
Q

reserve pool

A

; (the rest, 85-90%)

32
Q

depends on the axon rate.. if the rate is LOW

A

only vesicles from the release-ready will be used

33
Q

depends on the axon rate.. if the rate INCREASES

A

vesicles from the recycling pool and then the reserve pool will release their contents

34
Q

kiss and run

A

; release most or all of their neurotransmitter, the fusion pot closes and the vesicle breaks away and gets filled again with neurotransmitter

35
Q

merge and recycle

A

; (lose their identity) merge with the presynaptic membrane. small buds of membrane later pinch off into the cytoplasm and become new synaptic vesicles, proper proteins are inserted into the new vesicles membranes and the vesicles are filled with neurotransmitter

36
Q

bulk endocytosis

A

; the vesicles in the reserve pool are recycled- large pieces of terminal membrane fold inward, break off and enter the cytoplasm. new vesicles are formed from small buds that break off of these pieces of membrane

37
Q

ionotropic receptors (direct neurotransmission)

A

ion channels open when a molecule of a neurotransmitter attaches to the binding site

  • direct gating
  • fast, chemical synaptic transmission
  • short-lasting effects (EPSP and IPSP)
38
Q

metabotropic receptors (indirect neurotransmission)

A

ligand binding to some receptors does not open ion channels but instead expenditure of metabolic energy

  • indirect gating
  • slow transmission
  • long-lasting effects
39
Q

glutamate

A

main excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS, synthesized from a precursor by the enzyme glutaminase. stored in vesicles after synthesis

produces EPSPs, excitatory

40
Q

types of glutamate receptors

A

NMDA, AMPA, and kainite receptors

41
Q

GABA

A

most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, excitatory effects at some of the synapses

several GABAA receptors, many drugs interact with it

produces IPSPs inhibitory

42
Q

monoamines

A

dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin

43
Q

monoamine neurotransmitters

A

produced by systems of cell bodies in the brain stem, whose axon branch repeatedly and give rise to a huge number of terminal buttons distributed throughout many regions of the brain (modulate the function of many brain regions, increase or decrease the activities of particular brain functions)

44
Q

agonists

A

drugs that facilitate the effects of a particular neurotransmitter

45
Q

inverse agonist

A

; a substance that binds to a receptor and cause it to do the opposite of what the naturally occurring neurotransmitter does

46
Q

antagonists

A

; drugs that inhibit the effects of a particular neurotransmitter

47
Q

precursor

A

most neurotransmitters are produced by precursors), increase the amount of neurotransmitter synthesized and then released into the synapse

48
Q

direct agonist

A

; a drug that mimics the effect of a neurotransmitter

49
Q

direct antagonist/receptor blocker

A

; a drug that binds with the postsynaptic receptor but blocks it from being activated, occupy the binding site and block the neurotransmitter from activating the receptor

b&b (8 decks)

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