task 8 - brain damage

Question 1

vascular disorders

Answer 1

caused by disease or damage to blood vessels, this damage cuts off or reduces the flow of oxygen and glucose to a brain region. (this interference causes all cells in the affected region to die after 10 minutes)

Question 2

cerebral vascular accident (CVA) or stroke

Answer 2

a sudden appearance of neurological symptoms due to interrupted blow flow

• a stroke can result from a wide range of vascular disorders but not all vascular disorders cause strokes

Question 3

ischemic stroke

Answer 3

blood clots cutting the blood flow

Question 4

hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 4

blood flow into the brain

Question 5

symptoms of stroke

Answer 5

headache, nausea, sweating, sensory distortions, numbness, loss of volitional movement, slurred speech and vomiting

Question 6

ischemia

Answer 6

refers to any group of disorders in which the symptom’s are caused by vessel blockage, preventing supply of blood to the brain

Question 7

thrombosis

Answer 7

some of the blood in a vessel has coagulated that forms a plug or a clot that has remained in its place

Question 8

embolism

Answer 8

a clot or other plug brought through the blood from a larger vessel and forced into a smaller one that obstructs circulation

Question 9

cerebral arteriosclerosis

Answer 9

a narrowing of arteries caused by thickening or hardening

Question 10

a migrane stroke

Answer 10

a transient ischemic attack which has a variety of neurological symptoms (impaired sensory function, skin numbness, difficulties in moving), depend on the affected vessels (vasospasm; constriction of blood vessels)

Question 11

cerebral hemorrhage

Answer 11

massive bleeding in the brain, which occurs when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures and blood seeps into the surrounding neural tissue and damages it

Question 12

angiomas

Answer 12

congenital collections of abnormal vessels that divert the normal blood flow

• supplied by 1 or more large arteries and drained by 1 or more large veins, most often located in the field of the middle cerebral artery

Question 13

aneurisms

Answer 13

vascular widenings resulting from defects in a vessel’s elasticity

• balloonlike expansions of vessels that are weak and prone to rupture (circle of willis)
• headache present for years due to the exerting pressure on the dura matter

Question 14

anticoagulant therapy

Answer 14

drug therapy used the remove/dissolve a clot, used in ischemic episodes within 3 hours of the episodes onset (can worsen bleeding)

Question 15

neuroprotectant drugs

Answer 15

after strokes this can be used to limit the changes leading to cell death also uses blood-pressure reducing drugs, salty steroids to reduce cerebral edema (accumulation of fluid/around damaged tissue)

Question 16

open-head injuries

Answer 16

the skull is penetrated or in which fragments of bone penetrate the brain substance (in most causes the injury doesn’t cause loss of consciousness)

• produce highly specific symptoms resembling those of surgical excision of a small area of the cortex
• symptoms undergo rapid and spontaneous recovery

Question 17

closed-head injuries

Answer 17

result from a blow to the head, can subject the brain to a variety of mechanical forces

Question 18

coup

Answer 18

a bruise at the site of the blow, caused by bone’s pushing inward even when the skull is not fractured therefore compacting the brain

Question 19

counter-coup

Answer 19

pressure from the coup may push the brain against the opposite side of the skull, producing an additional bruise

Question 20

hematoma

Answer 20

a growing mass of blood caused by a cerebral hemorrhage, which exerts pressure on surrounding tissues

Question 21

edema

Answer 21

swelling, which exerts pressure on the brain tissue

Question 22

tumors

Answer 22

is a mass of new tissue that persists and grows independently of it’s surrounding structures and has no physical use (grow from glia)

Question 23

benign tumors

Answer 23

are not likely to come back after removal

Question 24

malignant tumors

Answer 24

often progressive and threaten life (very invasive)

Question 25

encapsulated tumor

Answer 25

a tumor that grows in it’s own membrane and puts pressure on other parts of the brain

• skull is fixed in size so it causes compression of the brain

Question 26

meningiomas

Answer 26

non-gial brain tumors that grow between the meninges, they grow entirely outside the brain, are well encapsulated and are almost always benign

• disturb brain function by putting pressure on the brain producing seizures
• can erode the overlying skull bone

Question 27

infiltrating tumors

Answer 27

are not clearly distinct from the surrounding tissue, might destroy healthy cells and occupy their place or surround existing cells and interfere with their functioning (usually malignant and any cancerous tissue that remains after surgery usually continues to grow)

Question 28

gilomas

Answer 28

the most common malignant brain tumors that develop from glial cells

Question 29

metastatic tumors

Answer 29

brain tumors that become established by a transfer of tumor cells by the bloodstream from some other region of the body

• metastasis: the transfer of disease from one organ/body part to another that is not directly connected

Question 30

alzheimer’s disorder

Answer 30

→ chronic, gets worse over time

→ memory: temporal gradient → medial temporal lobe

→ language, disorientation, mood swings, loss of motivation

→ the most prevalent form of dementia is (accounts for about 65% of all dementias in people over 65)

Question 31

the stages of alzheimer;s disorder

Answer 31

1. preclinical stage; involves pathological changes in the brain and without any behavioral or cognitive symptoms
2. prodromal stage; involves mild cognitive impairment. at this point combined presence of mild cognitive impairment and some biological changes can lead to a fairly reliable diagnosis
3. dementia stage; starts with a progressive decline in memory, deficits in attention and personality changes, followed by marked confusion, irritability, anxiety, and deterioration of speech. swallowing and bladder control become difficult

Question 32

neuritic (amyloid) plaques (aka senile plaques)

Answer 32

found mainly in the cerebral cortex and result from the accumulation of tau protein. their concentration in the cortex is correlated with the magnitude of cognitive deterioration

• neuritic plaques consists of a central core of protein material known as beta-amyloid, surrounded by degenerative cellular fragments of neurons

Question 33

other symptoms of alzheimers

Answer 33

• neocortex shrinks, loosing 1/3 as the disease progresses
• the limbic system undergoes the most severe degenerative changes in alzheimer’s disease. the entorhinal cortex is the earliest affected and the most severely (major relay between neocortex and hippocampus and other related structures)
• noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin, as well as some glutamate receptors are reduced. greater reductions in ≥ 2 neurotransmitters
• shrinkage of large neurons. most widespread cause of cortical atrophy appears to be a loss of dendritic arborization (branching)

Question 34

hyperkinetic-dystonic syndrome

Answer 34

a group of motor disorders that is characterized by increased motor activity

Question 35

hypokinetic-rigid syndrome

Answer 35

a group of motor disorders that is characterized by loss of movement

Question 36

parkinson’s disease

Answer 36

→ degenerative disease, progressive

• degeneration of neurons in substantia nigra
  
  • dopamine deficiency

→ rigidity, muscle tremors, bradykinesia

→ characterized by positive symptoms (the addition of abnormal behavior) and negative symptoms (the loss of normal behaviors)

Question 37

insert lewy body type