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chest conditions Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cause of asthma?

A

inflammation of the bronchi leading to contraction of smooth muscle and mucus secretion

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2
Q

what triggers asthma?

A

cold air
animal fur
upper respiratory tract infection
pollution

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3
Q

what are s&s of asthma?

A

SOB
cough
tight chest

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4
Q

which tests are done for asthma?

A

spirometry
peak expiratory flow rate

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5
Q

what are the treatment options for asthma?

A

reliever inhalers (blue): relax the smooth muscles (short and long acting β2 agonist)
preventer inhalers (brown): reduce inflammation, oedema and mucus secretion (corticosteroids)

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6
Q

what conditions does COPD consist of?

A

emphysema: damaged alveoli, leading to alveolar collapse
chronic bronchitis: inflammation of the bronchi leading to a chronic cough

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7
Q

what is the primary cause of COPD?

A

smoking

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8
Q

what are the s&s of COPD?

A

SOB
coughing
breathlessness on exertion
use of accessory breathing muscles
pursed lips
hyper-inflated chest
reduced chest expansion
tachypnoeic (>20 breaths per minute)
downwardly placed liver
underweight
wheezing

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9
Q

which test is done for the diagnosis of COPD?

A

spirometry

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10
Q

what is the management for COPD?

A

refer to GP
advice of smoking
pulmonary rehabilitation
inhalers (same as asthma)

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11
Q

what is costochondritis?

A

inflammation of the cartilage (costo-chondral, sternal and clavicular)

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12
Q

what is the main cause of costochondritis?

A

upper respiratory tract infection

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13
Q

what are s&s for costochondritis?

A

anterior chest wall pain
sharp pain
worse on breathing, coughing, sneezing and physical activity

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14
Q

what is the treatment for costochondritis?

A

settles with time
contraindication for manipulation

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15
Q

what is angina?

A

chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart

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16
Q

what is the difference between stable and unstable angina?

A

stable angina is precipitated by predictable factors
unstable angina occurs at any time

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17
Q

what are the s&s for angina?

A

discomfort in L chest, neck, shoulder, jaw and arm
precipitated by exertion/emotion
relieved by rest or Glyceryl Tri-Nitrate within 5 minutes

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17
Q

what is the diagnostic test for angina?

A

blood test for troponins

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18
Q

what is the management for angina?

A

lifestyle modification
medication: statins, glyceryl Tri nitrate, β blockers, nitrates
surgery: angioplasty, coronary bypass graft

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19
Q

what happens in a myocardial infarction?

A

reduced or complete cessation of blood flow to a portion of the myocardium

20
Q

what are s&s for myocardial infarction?

A

crushing/tightness/heavy feeling in chest (someone sitting on chest)
pain in L chest, shoulder, jaw and arm (more painful than angina)
sweating, nausea, dyspnoea, fatigue, palpitations

21
Q

what is the diagnostic test for MI?

A

blood test for troponins and creatine kinase

22
Q

what is the management for MI?

A

lifestyle modification
aspirin
β blockers
ACE inhibitors
statins
omega 3

23
Q

what are s&s of pancoast tumour?

A

unilateral persistent arm pain/numbness (commonly in upper medial arm and 4th and 5th digit)
weakness of hand
horner’s syndrome
persistent cough, SOB, fatigue, weightloss, night sweats

24
Q

what is pericarditis?

A

inflammation of the pericardium (sac around the heart)

25
Q

what is the main cause of pericarditis?

A

recent viral infection

26
Q

what are the s&s for pericarditis?

A

proceeding viral symptoms: malaise, fever, muscle aches
pleuritic chest pain (sharp, stabbing, aching)
pain in shoulder arm and lower scapular
pleuritic rub on examination

27
Q

what aggravates and reliefs the pain in pericarditis?

A

aggravates: lying down, inspiration and coughing
reliefs: leaning forward

28
Q

what diagnostic test is used for pericarditis?

A

echocardiogram (shows fluid in the pericardial sac)

29
Q

what is pneumonia?

A

acute inflammation of the alveoli and the terminal brochioles

30
Q

what side effect can pneumonia have?

A

consolidation (fluid) in the lungs

31
Q

what are s&s of pneumonia?

A

SOB at rest
cough
sputum with blood
weakness
malaise
muscle pain
signs of infection: fever, tachycardia, sweating

32
Q

what might be found on respiratory examination in pneumonia?

A

signs of infection
decreased chest expansion on one side
absent breath sound on one side
dull percussion
auscultation: early: crackles, late: bronchial breathing
friction rub

33
Q

what is a pneumothorax?

A

air trapped between lung and chest wall

34
Q

what age group/population type is most at risk for pneumothorax?

A

young thin males

35
Q

what are s&s of pneumothorax?

A

sudden, sharp, stabbing unilateral chest pain
SOB
pain worse on coughing and inspiration

36
Q

what might be found on respiratory examination in pneumotharox?

A

unilateral decreased chest expansion
unilateral reduced/absent breath sound
unilateral hyper-resonant percussion
tachycardia
bronchial breathing (tubular sound, as if blown through a pipe)

37
Q

what is the management for tension pneumothorax?

A

refer to A&E

38
Q

what is a pulmonary embolis?

A

obstruction in the pulmonary arterial tree

39
Q

what is the most common cause of a pulmonary embolism?

A

deep vein thrombosis

40
Q

what are s&s of pulmonary embolism?

A

sharp/stabbing pleuritic chest pain
sudden SOB and pain
cough with blood
tachycardia
hypotension
increased respiratory rate
pleural rub

41
Q

which tests are used for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism?

A

D-dimer blood test
ultrasound
computed tomographic angiography

42
Q

what is the managment for pulmonary embolism?

A

anticoagulants (heparin, oral coagulants)
prophylaxis

43
Q

what are the symptoms of a rib fracture?

A

tenderness and swelling
local spasm
pain on breathing, coughing, sneezing (pleuritic sharp pain)

44
Q

why do we need to refer patients with fractured rib to GP or A&E?

A

risk for pneumothorax and haemothorax

45
Q

what is Tietze’s syndrome?

A

inflammation of the cartilage of the anterior portion of the chest

46
Q

which ribs are most commonly affected in Tietze’s syndrome?

A

rib 2-3

47
Q

what are s&s of Tietze’s syndrome?

A

pain and swelling of the costosternal, sternoclavicular or costochondral joints
pain resolves in weeks but swelling persists

conditions (29 decks)

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