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Sociology Tallu > Crime - Theories of Crime - 4.1 (Interactionism) > Flashcards

Crime - Theories of Crime - 4.1 (Interactionism) Flashcards

1
Q

General Interactionist view on Deviance as a Social Construct

A

No act is deviant, but labelling makes it so, so is a social construct.

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2
Q

Crime as Social Construct Key Sociologists

A

> Becker (Crime as Social Construct & Moral Entrepreneurs)

> Platt (Moral Entrepeneurs)

> Briar (Differential Enforcement)

> Circourel (Typfications, Negotiation of Justice, Crime Stats)

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3
Q

Becker view on Crime as Social Construct

A

> Groups create deviance through rules, applying them to people they see as outsiders.

> People only become deviant when labelled as so.

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4
Q

Who are Moral Entrepreneurs?

A

> People who decide what’s morally acceptable in society e.g. government & parents.

> Begin a mission to see new laws created then policed in the belief that it will benefit in particular vulnerable groups in society.

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5
Q

Platt view on Moral Entrepreneurs

A

> Juvenile delinquents, campaign by upper class Victorian moral entrepreneurs, wanting to protect young people.

> Made juvenile courts & extended powers to status offences e.g. truancy.

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6
Q

Becker view on Social Control Agencies as moral entrepreneurs to increase own powers

A

> US Bureau of Narcotics, campaigned for Marijuana Tax Act, to protect young people, but really to expand influence.

> Not harmfulness of behaviour, leading to new law, but efforts of powerful individuals.

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7
Q

Briar view on Differential Enforcement

A

> Social Control Agencies label certain groups as criminal, decisions to arrest based on appearance, gender, class, ethnicity.

> e.g. ASBO’s commonly given to BAME.

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8
Q

Circourel’s Idea of Typifcations

A

> Police have idea of the working class as typical delinquent individuals, so police these areas more, leading to more arrests, confirming stereotype.

> Held view that there youth delinquency, due to lone parent families & poverty, so stigmatise working class & unlikely to give non-custodial sentences to them.

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9
Q

Marxist Criticisms of Cicourel - Typifications

A

Fails to locate origins of labels in unequal capitalist society.

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10
Q

Cicourel - Negotiation of Justice (Difference between working class and middle class children)

A

> Middle class: parents are able to negotiate the child out of the justice system, convincing them, it won’t occur again, so likely to see it as a one off & let them go.

> But working class parents are less likely to do the same & actually feel they deserve to be punished.

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11
Q

Cicourel - Crime Statistics as a Topic Not a Resource

A

> Crime statistics aren’t valid, so shouldn’t be taken at face value.

> Should look at how they’re socially constructed, don’t tell us about the dark figure of crime.

> Victim surveys & self report studies should be used instead.

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12
Q

Criticisms of Cicourel - Crime Stats as Topic Not Resource

A

Limitations of alternatives to official crime statistics - people may lie in self-report studies.

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13
Q

Effects of Labelling Key Sociologists

A

> Lemert (Primary and Secondary Deviance)

> Young (Hippy Marijuana Users)

> Cohen (Deviancy Amplification)

> Triplett (Labelling & Criminal Justice System Policy)

> Braithwaite (Reintegrative Shaming)

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14
Q

2 Types of Deviance - Lemert

A

> Primary

> Secondary

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15
Q

Primary Deviance - Lemert (1)

A

Not publicly labeled, unnoticed & meaningless ‘’moment of madness’’ - so people don’t self identify as deviant.

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16
Q

Secondary Deviance - Lemert (2)

A

Results from societal reaction, caught and labelled as criminal, excluded from normal society. E.g. as thief, junkie, pedo

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17
Q

How does Master Status occur as Reaction to SD (Lemert) (3)

A

> People see offender only in terms of label, excluded from society & becomes master status

> Begin to act up to label & becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy.

18
Q

How does Deviant Career as Reaction to Master Status (4)

A

> Promotes further hostile reactions from society, hard to make amends e.g. lack of employment.

> Become an outsider & join deviant subcultures for status, confirms deviant identity.

19
Q

Define Deviancy Amplification

A

Where a group becomes more deviant, as result of media exaggeration of deviance, in attempts to control them leads to an escalating spiral.

20
Q

Who are Folk Devils?

A

Scapegoat, group media focuses on as outsiders & deviant, blamed for social problems, subject of moral panic

21
Q

Young - Hippy Marijuana Users

A

> Drugs were minor part of hippies lifestyle, policies persecution of them as junkies.

> So develop deviant subcultures, where drug use became central activity

> Actions of police caused more crime - deviancy amplification.

22
Q

Mods & Rockers as example of Deviancy Amplification

A

> Media exaggeration began moral panic with growing public concern.

> Moral entrepreneurs called for crackdown, so police arrested more youth, leading to more concern.

> Seeing Mod and Rockers as folk devils, marginalised them further, resulting in more deviance.

23
Q

Labelling & Criminal Justice Policy - Triplett

A

> Tendency to see young people as evil & less tolerant of minor deviance, which creates more deviance

> So logical to have fewer rules e.g. decriminalising soft drugs

> Solution is to reduce number with convictions & end shame culture.

24
Q

2 Types of Shaming - Braithwaite

A

> Disintegrative Shaming

> Reintegrative Shaming

25
Q

Disintegrative Shaming

A

Where crime & person is shamed & they’re excluded from society

26
Q

Why is Reintegrative Shaming better than Disintegrative

A

Label act but not actor, so opportunity for person to be forgiven, stops labelling & secondary deviance, so no self-fulfilling prophecy.

27
Q

Examples of Reintegrative Shaming

A

> Rehabilitation

> Restorative Justice

28
Q

Criticisms of Braithwaite

A

Focus on how to rehabilitate offenders, not why they offend in the first place.

29
Q

Strength of Labelling Theory

A

Links to Education

30
Q

A03 Criticisms of Labelling Theory - Key Sociologists)

A

> Downes & Rock (Determinism)

> Marxism (Power Structures)

31
Q

Downes & Rock (Determinism)

A

Not everyone who’s been labelled will follow a deviant career, free to chose to not deviate more.

32
Q

General Criticisms of Labelling Theory

A

> Why do people commit primary deviance in the first place, some actively chose deviance without labelling.

> Deviant becomes the victim & thus not to blame for behaviour.

33
Q

General Interactionist view on Mental Health & Suicide

A

Rejects reliance on official statistics , to understanding suicide, we need to study meanings of those who do it.

34
Q

Mental Health & Suicide Key Sociologists

A

> Douglas (Meaning of Suicide)
Atkinson (Coroners Commonsense Knowledge)
Lemert (Paranoia as a self-fulfilling prophecy)
Goffman (Institutionalisation)

35
Q

Douglas - Meaning of Suicide

A

> Rejects official statistics, as they’re social constructs, don’t give us a full picture, only tells about label applied by coroners & opinions of friends & family.

> Suicide notes, diaries, letters & interviews better for true meanings.

36
Q

Criticisms of Douglas

A

No reason to believe sociologist interpretation, will be truer than coroners.

37
Q

Atkinson - Coroners Commonsense Knowledge

A

> Official statistics based on coroners with taken for granted assumptions, when reaching verdicts on suicide, creating a self-fulfilling prophecy

> Ideas on typical suicide effected verdict e.g. types of death, locations seen as typical of suicides.

38
Q

Criticisms of Atkinson

A

> If all we have are interpretations & not facts about social world.

> His theory itself is a interpretation & there is no good reason to accept it.

39
Q

Interactionist view on Mental Illness & official statistics

A

> See use of official statistics on mental illness as social construct

> Just recording activities of doctors with the power to attach labels e.g. depression.

40
Q

Lemert - Paranoia as a self-fulfilling prophecy

A

> People may not fit into groups, due to primary deviance so they begin to be excluded

> Their negative response leads to secondary deviance, others are concerned about his mental health

> So this leads to a medical label of paranoia & label mental patient becomes the master status.

41
Q

Example of Total Institution

A

Psychiatric Hospital

42
Q

Goffman on Institutionalisation - Effects of being admitted to Total Institutions

A

> Patient undergo mortification of self, where prior identities killed off.

> Replaced with identity of inmate, through degradation rituals e.g. confiscation of personal possessions.

Sociology Tallu (36 decks)

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